Ma Guansheng, Li Jing, Yan Yuefeng, Ramasubramanian Brindha, Ramakrishna Seeram, Huang Xiaoxiao
National Key Laboratory of Precision Welding & Joining of Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.
Small. 2025 Aug;21(34):e2501879. doi: 10.1002/smll.202501879. Epub 2025 Jul 11.
The exponential growth of electronic devices and wireless communications has exacerbated electromagnetic interference (EMI) challenges, necessitating cutting-edge materials capable of self-adaptive electromagnetic (EM) wave shielding and absorption. The review examines state-of-the-art developments in tunable EM wave shielding and absorbing materials controlled by external fields. This work systematically analyzes regulation mechanisms, including force-controlled (compression, rotation, stretching), thermal-controlled (phase transition, thermal expansion), electric field-driven, and subwavelength structure-based approaches. The review evaluates how these materials address limitations of traditional static solutions while enabling dynamic EM response control. Particular attention is given to materials exhibiting switchable states between transmission/absorption/reflection and frequency-tunable properties. For instance, porous carbon-based materials and polymer composites are capable of effectively adjusting their response to EM waves when deformed by external forces. Subwavelength structural metamaterials and metasurfaces offer precise control over EM wave propagation through tailored resonances, graded refractive indices, and reconfigurable geometries. Notably, advancements in phase-change materials and magnetoelectric composites enable reversible switching between shielding, absorption, and transmission modes. This work discusses the underlying physical mechanisms, fabrication methods, and performance characteristics of these materials. The review concludes by identifying key challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, providing insights for future research directions in next-generation EM wave functional materials.
电子设备和无线通信的指数级增长加剧了电磁干扰（EMI）挑战，因此需要能够进行自适应电磁波屏蔽和吸收的前沿材料。本文综述了由外部场控制的可调谐电磁波屏蔽和吸收材料的最新进展。这项工作系统地分析了调控机制，包括力控（压缩、旋转、拉伸）、温控（相变、热膨胀）、电场驱动和基于亚波长结构的方法。本文综述评估了这些材料如何解决传统静态解决方案的局限性，同时实现动态电磁响应控制。特别关注在传输/吸收/反射和频率可调特性之间呈现可切换状态的材料。例如，多孔碳基材料和聚合物复合材料在受到外力变形时能够有效调整其对电磁波的响应。亚波长结构超材料和超表面通过定制共振、渐变折射率和可重构几何形状，对电磁波传播提供精确控制。值得注意的是，相变材料和磁电复合材料的进展使得在屏蔽、吸收和传输模式之间实现可逆切换。本文讨论了这些材料的潜在物理机制、制造方法和性能特征。本文综述最后指出了这一快速发展领域中的关键挑战和机遇，为下一代电磁波功能材料的未来研究方向提供了见解。
