Gamez Joshua, Zha Daxian, Ebrahimi Shaghaiegh M, White Seok, Ljubimov Alexander V, Saghizadeh Mehrnoosh
Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
Cells. 2025 Jun 23;14(13):959. doi: 10.3390/cells14130959.
The therapeutic potential of exosomes (Exos), a subpopulation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by various cell types, has been broadly emphasized. Exos are endosome-derived membrane-bound vesicles 50-150 nm in size. Exos can be general or cell type-specific. Their contents enable them to function as multi-signaling and vectorized vehicles. Exos are important for maintaining cellular homeostasis. They are released into extracellular spaces, leading to uptake by neighboring or distant cells and delivering their contents to modulate cell signaling. Exos influence tissue responses to injury, infection, and disease by fusion with the target cells and transferring their cargo, including cytokines, growth and angiogenic factors, signaling molecules, lipids, DNA, mRNAs, and non-coding RNAs. They are implicated in various physiological and pathological conditions, including ocular surface events, such as corneal scarring, wound healing, and inflammation. Their biocompatibility, stability, low immunogenicity, and easy detectability in bodily fluids (blood, tears, saliva, and urine) make them promising tools for diagnosing and treating ocular diseases. The potential to engineer specific Exo cargos makes them outstanding therapeutic delivery vehicles. The objective of this review is to provide novel insights into the functions of Exo cargos and their applications as biomarkers and therapeutics, or targets in the cornea.
外泌体（Exos）是由多种细胞类型分泌的细胞外囊泡（EVs）亚群，其治疗潜力已得到广泛强调。外泌体是源自内体的膜结合囊泡，大小为50-150纳米。外泌体可以是通用的或细胞类型特异性的。它们的内容物使它们能够作为多信号和载体化的媒介发挥作用。外泌体对于维持细胞内稳态很重要。它们被释放到细胞外空间，导致邻近或远处的细胞摄取，并传递其内容物以调节细胞信号传导。外泌体通过与靶细胞融合并转移其货物，包括细胞因子、生长和血管生成因子、信号分子、脂质、DNA、mRNA和非编码RNA，影响组织对损伤、感染和疾病的反应。它们参与各种生理和病理状况，包括眼表事件，如角膜瘢痕形成、伤口愈合和炎症。它们的生物相容性、稳定性、低免疫原性以及在体液（血液、眼泪、唾液和尿液）中易于检测，使其成为诊断和治疗眼部疾病的有前途的工具。设计特定外泌体货物的潜力使其成为出色的治疗递送载体。本综述的目的是提供关于外泌体货物的功能及其作为生物标志物和治疗剂或角膜靶点的应用的新见解。
