Performance Evaluation of Four Deep Learning-Based CAD Systems and Manual Reading for Pulmonary Nodules Detection, Volume Measurement, and Lung-RADS Classification Under Varying Radiation Doses and Reconstruction Methods.

Optimization of pulmonary nodule detection across varied imaging protocols remains challenging. We evaluated four DL-CAD systems and manual reading with volume rendering (VR) for performance under varying radiation doses and reconstruction methods. VR refers to a post-processing technique that generates 3D images by assigning opacity and color to CT voxels based on Hounsfield units. : An anthropomorphic phantom with 169 artificial nodules was scanned at three dose levels using two kernels and three reconstruction algorithms (1080 image sets). Performance metrics included sensitivity, specificity, volume error (AVE), and Lung-RADS classification accuracy. : DL-CAD systems demonstrated high sensitivity across dose levels and reconstruction settings, with three fully automatic DL-CAD systems (0.92-0.95) outperforming manual CT readings (0.72), particularly for sub-centimeter nodules. However, DL-CAD systems exhibited limitations in volume measurement and Lung-RADS classification accuracy, especially for part-solid nodules. VR-enhanced manual reading outperformed original CT interpretation in nodule detection, particularly benefiting less-experienced radiologists under suboptimal imaging conditions. : These findings underscore the potential of DL-CAD for lung cancer screening and the clinical value of VR in low-dose settings, but they highlight the need for improved classification algorithms.