Kotenkova Elena, Kotov Aleksandr, Nikitin Maxim
Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, Kulakova Str. 20, 123592 Moscow, Russia.
Department of Nanobiomedicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Ave., Sirius Federal Territory, Krasnodar Region, 354340 Sochi, Russia.
Polymers (Basel). 2025 Jun 24;17(13):1750. doi: 10.3390/polym17131750.
Global concerns about environmental pollution, poor waste management, and the rise in antimicrobial resistance due to uncontrolled antibiotic use have driven researchers to seek alternative, multifaceted solutions. Plants, animals, microorganisms, and their processing wastes serve as valuable sources of natural biopolymers and bioactive compounds. Through nanotechnology, these can be assembled into formulations with enhanced antimicrobial properties, high safety, and low toxicity. This review explores polysaccharides, including chitosan, alginate, starch, pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose, gums, carrageenan, dextran, pullulan, and hyaluronic acid, used in nanotechnology, highlighting their advantages and limitations as nanocarriers. Addressing the global urgency for alternative antimicrobials, we examined natural compounds derived from plants, microorganisms, and animals, such as phytochemicals, bacteriocins, animal antimicrobial peptides, and proteins. Focusing on their protection and retained activity, this review discusses polysaccharide-based nanoformulations with natural antimicrobials, including nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, nanocapsules, nanoplexes, and nanogels. Special emphasis is placed on strategies and formulations for the encapsulation, entrapment, and conjugation of natural compounds using polysaccharides as protective carriers and delivery systems, including a brief discussion on their future applications, prospects, and challenges in scaling up.
全球对环境污染、垃圾管理不善以及因抗生素使用失控导致的抗菌药物耐药性上升的担忧，促使研究人员寻求替代性的多方面解决方案。植物、动物、微生物及其加工废料是天然生物聚合物和生物活性化合物的宝贵来源。通过纳米技术，这些物质可以被组装成具有增强抗菌性能、高安全性和低毒性的制剂。本综述探讨了用于纳米技术的多糖，包括壳聚糖、藻酸盐、淀粉、果胶、纤维素、半纤维素、树胶、角叉菜胶、葡聚糖、支链淀粉和透明质酸，强调了它们作为纳米载体的优点和局限性。为应对全球对抗生素替代品的迫切需求，我们研究了源自植物、微生物和动物的天然化合物，如植物化学物质、细菌素、动物抗菌肽和蛋白质。本综述聚焦于它们的保护和活性保留，讨论了含有天然抗菌剂的基于多糖的纳米制剂，包括纳米颗粒、纳米乳液、纳米胶囊、纳米复合物和纳米凝胶。特别强调了使用多糖作为保护载体和递送系统对天然化合物进行包封、包裹和缀合的策略和制剂，包括对它们未来应用、前景以及扩大规模时所面临挑战的简要讨论。
