Lovrinčević Mihael, Papa Ivica, Janeš David, Hodak Luka, Pentek Tibor, Đuka Andreja
Department of Forest Engineering, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Cesta 23, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
Croatian Forests Ltd., Forest Administration Office Delnice, Supilova 32, 51300 Delnice, Croatia.
Sensors (Basel). 2025 Jul 5;25(13):4192. doi: 10.3390/s25134192.
Field data, as the basis for planning and designing forest roads, must have high spatial accuracy. Classical (using a theodolite and a level) and modern (based on total stations and GNSSs) surveying methods are used in current field data survey for forest road design. This study analyzed the spatial accuracy of classical and modern surveying methods, the accuracy of spatial data recorded using a UAV equipped with an RGB camera at different flight altitudes, and the accuracy of lidar data of the Republic of Croatia. This study was conducted on a forest area where salvage logging was carried out, which enabled the use of a GNSS receiver in RTK mode as a reference method. The highest RMSE values of the spatial coordinates were recorded for measurements obtained with the classical surveying method (0.89 m) and a total station (0.33 m). The flight altitude of the UAV did not significantly affect the spatial error of the collected data, which ranged between 0.07 and 0.09 m. The cross-terrain slope, as one of the factors that significantly affect the amount of earthworks, did not differ statistically significantly between the methods. The ALS error was strongly influenced by the cross-terrain slope. The authors conclude that the new survey methods (SfM and lidar data) provide high-accuracy data but also draw attention to challenges in their use, such as vegetation and biomass on the ground.
作为林道规划和设计基础的野外数据必须具有较高的空间精度。当前用于林道设计的野外数据测量采用经典方法（使用经纬仪和水准仪）和现代方法（基于全站仪和全球导航卫星系统）。本研究分析了经典和现代测量方法的空间精度、配备RGB相机的无人机在不同飞行高度记录的空间数据精度以及克罗地亚共和国的激光雷达数据精度。本研究在一个进行了伐除原木作业的林区开展，这使得能够使用实时动态（RTK）模式下的全球导航卫星系统接收机作为参考方法。经典测量方法（0.89米）和全站仪（0.33米）测量所得空间坐标的均方根误差（RMSE）值最高。无人机的飞行高度对所采集数据的空间误差没有显著影响，该误差在0.07至0.09米之间。作为对土方工程量有显著影响的因素之一，不同方法之间的地形坡度在统计学上没有显著差异。机载激光扫描（ALS）误差受地形坡度的强烈影响。作者得出结论，新的测量方法（结构从运动法和激光雷达数据）可提供高精度数据，但也提请注意其使用过程中的挑战，例如地面上的植被和生物量。
