Nardi Alessandro, Vivani Veronica, Benedetti Maura, Mezzelani Marica, d'Errico Giuseppe, Regoli Francesco, Gorbi Stefania
Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy.
Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente (DiSVA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy; University School for Advanced Studies IUSS, Pavia, Italy.
J Hazard Mater. 2025 Sep 15;496:139180. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139180. Epub 2025 Jul 8.
Glyphosate (GLY), one of the most widely used herbicides, and its main breakdown product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), are frequently detected in aquatic environments. Despite GLY toxicological relevance and environmental implications remain debated, its use was recently renewed in the EU until 2033. This study assessed sublethal effects of single and combined exposures to GLY and AMPA at an environmentally realistic concentration (0.5 µg/L) in Mytilus galloprovincialis. A broad panel of cellular alterations related to immune and cholinergic function, DNA integrity, as well as xenobiotics, oxyradical, peroxisomal and lipid metabolism was evaluated after 28 days of exposure and 14 days of recovery. Results were elaborated through weighted criteria to provide hazard classification based on magnitude and toxicological relevance of observations. Such elaboration provided a higher cellular hazard for AMPA (alone or in mixture) compared to GLY, based on harsher lipid dysregulation, immuno-, neuro- and genotoxic effects. The hazard classification remained unchanged after the recovery phase, due to a limited capability of repairing cellular unbalance in AMPA-exposed organisms and delayed onset of neurotoxicity in GLY-exposed mussels. Overall, the obtained results highlight the urgent need to consider the inclusion of AMPA and GLY, in environmental monitoring and regulatory frameworks for aquatic ecosystems.
草甘膦（GLY）是使用最广泛的除草剂之一，其主要降解产物氨甲基膦酸（AMPA）在水生环境中经常被检测到。尽管草甘膦的毒理学相关性和环境影响仍存在争议，但其使用最近在欧盟被延长至2033年。本研究评估了在环境现实浓度（0.5µg/L）下，单独和联合暴露于草甘膦和氨甲基膦酸对地中海贻贝的亚致死效应。在暴露28天和恢复14天后，评估了一系列与免疫和胆碱能功能、DNA完整性以及外源性物质、氧自由基、过氧化物酶体和脂质代谢相关的细胞变化。通过加权标准对结果进行阐述，以根据观察结果的严重程度和毒理学相关性提供危害分类。基于更严重的脂质失调、免疫、神经和遗传毒性效应，与草甘膦相比，氨甲基膦酸（单独或混合）的细胞危害更高。由于暴露于氨甲基膦酸的生物体修复细胞失衡的能力有限，以及暴露于草甘膦的贻贝神经毒性延迟发作，恢复阶段后的危害分类保持不变。总体而言，所得结果凸显了在水生生态系统的环境监测和监管框架中考虑纳入氨甲基膦酸和草甘膦的迫切需求。
