Malone S M, Gunnar M R, Fisch R O
Dev Psychobiol. 1985 Sep;18(5):435-46. doi: 10.1002/dev.420180508.
Two experiments were conducted on human neonates examining their behavior and adrenocortical activity in response to physical restraint. In both experiments, newborns (9 per condition in Experiment I; 10 per condition in Experiment II) were tested in one of three conditions: Restraint, which involved strapping newborns to a circumstraint board for 20 min; Strapping Control, which involved strapping newborns to the board and then immediately taking them off the board and returning them to their cribs; and Control, which did not involve any restraining manipulation. In Experiment I, blood samples for plasma cortisol determination were obtained via heel-stick immediately prior to the assigned manipulations and 30 min later. In Experiment II, only the postmanipulation blood sample was taken. Two behavioral states, Active Awake and Crying, were examined as indices of behavioral distress. In Experiment I, the effects of the blood sampling procedure on behavioral distress and plasma cortisol were significant; however, no significant effects of restraint were observed. In Experiment II, restraint was associated with small but significant increases in behavioral distress and in plasma cortisol levels.
对人类新生儿进行了两项实验，研究他们在受到身体约束时的行为和肾上腺皮质活动。在这两项实验中，新生儿（实验一中每种条件下9名；实验二中每种条件下10名）在以下三种条件之一进行测试：约束条件，即将新生儿绑在约束板上20分钟；捆绑对照条件，即将新生儿绑在板上，然后立即将他们从板上取下并放回婴儿床；以及对照条件，即不涉及任何约束操作。在实验一中，在指定操作之前和30分钟后通过足跟采血获取用于测定血浆皮质醇的血样。在实验二中，只采集操作后的血样。两种行为状态，即活跃清醒和哭闹，被作为行为痛苦的指标进行研究。在实验一中，采血程序对行为痛苦和血浆皮质醇有显著影响；然而，未观察到约束的显著影响。在实验二中，约束与行为痛苦和血浆皮质醇水平的小幅但显著增加有关。
