Pokhrel Hemanta, Sarmah Raktim, Sharma Darshana, Ingtipi Lucy, Ahmed Naznin, Bhagabati Sarada Kanta, Dutta Rajdeep, Patowary Arnab Narayan, Borah Simanku, Das Utpal Kumar, Dekari Debojit, Bordoloi Biswajyoti
Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, College of Fisheries, Assam Agricultural University, Raha, Nagaon, India.
Department of Aquatic Environment Management, College of Fisheries, Assam Agricultural University, Raha, Nagaon, India.
Ecotoxicology. 2025 Oct;34(8):1516-1536. doi: 10.1007/s10646-025-02935-3. Epub 2025 Jul 16.
Imidacloprid (IMI) is a systemic insecticide classified as a neonicotinoid, which targets the central nervous system of insects. This insecticide is commonly used to protect crops from sucking pests like ticks, whiteflies, plant hoppers, and leafhoppers. There are reports of IMI having highly toxic consequences on non-targeted organisms like bees, humans, and aquatic animals. However, information regarding adverse effects of long-term exposure of different commercial products containing IMI as an active compound on non-targeted animals is very scanty. Therefore, current research effort aims to determine toxicity effects of commercial-grade Premise, 30.50%, Suspension Concentrate (SC) containing IMI as an active compound on freshwater experimental fish Cyprinus carpio using an integrated biomarker approach. Fish were semi-statically exposed to 17.36, 20.38, and 26.04 mg/L of IMI, which corresponds to 1/12, 1/10, and 1/8 of 96 h Lethal Concentration (LC i.e. 208.3 mg/L) for 28 days. Results showed significant changes in haemato-immunological, serum biochemicals, and antioxidant enzymes upon 28 days of exposure. IMI exposure induced ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) production, increased malonaldehyde (MDA) content in liver and gill tissues and subsequently reduced acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in brain tissue. Moreover, assessment through micronuclei (MNi) test was suggestive that the tested product is genotoxic, which was evident through the induction of significant numbers of micronuclei formation in erythrocyte cells of the test organisms. From the present study, it is obvious that the commercial formulation of IMI, Premise, can also act as a potential immunosuppressor and oxidative stress enhancer and can trigger probable neurotoxic and genotoxic effects that may result in physiological imbalances. Thus, it might become imperative to focus the toxicity studies not only on analytical grade but also on commercial products containing IMI as an active compound in non-targeted organisms. The study also underscores the importance of sustainable pest management practices to protect non-target species and maintain ecosystem balance, ultimately safeguarding public health and promoting environmental conservation.
吡虫啉（IMI）是一种归类为新烟碱类的内吸性杀虫剂，其作用于昆虫的中枢神经系统。这种杀虫剂常用于保护作物免受蜱虫、粉虱、飞虱和叶蝉等刺吸式害虫的侵害。有报道称，IMI对蜜蜂、人类和水生动物等非目标生物具有高毒性后果。然而，关于长期接触含有IMI作为活性成分的不同商业产品对非目标动物的不利影响的信息非常匮乏。因此，当前的研究旨在使用综合生物标志物方法，确定含有IMI作为活性成分的商业级30.50%悬浮剂（SC）对淡水实验鱼鲤鱼的毒性作用。将鱼半静态暴露于17.36、20.38和26.04毫克/升的IMI中，这分别相当于96小时致死浓度（LC，即208.3毫克/升）的1/12、1/10和1/8，暴露28天。结果显示，暴露28天后，血液免疫学、血清生化指标和抗氧化酶发生了显著变化。IMI暴露诱导了活性氧（ROS）的产生，增加了肝脏和鳃组织中丙二醛（MDA）的含量，随后降低了脑组织中乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）的活性。此外，通过微核（MNi）试验评估表明，受试产品具有遗传毒性，这在受试生物红细胞中诱导大量微核形成中明显可见。从本研究中可以明显看出，IMI的商业制剂Premise也可作为潜在的免疫抑制剂和氧化应激增强剂，并可引发可能的神经毒性和遗传毒性作用，这可能导致生理失衡。因此，不仅将毒性研究重点放在分析级产品上，还放在含有IMI作为活性成分的非目标生物商业产品上可能变得势在必行。该研究还强调了可持续害虫管理做法对于保护非目标物种和维持生态系统平衡的重要性，最终保障公众健康并促进环境保护。
