Mustoe Audrey K, Posso Agustin N, Escobar-Domingo Maria J, Tobin Micaela J, Fanning James E, Lee Bernard T
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
J Surg Res. 2025 Sep;313:222-229. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2025.06.019. Epub 2025 Jul 16.
This study aims to evaluate the accessibility of online health resources for nipple reconstruction in English and Spanish to identify areas of improving information access.
A deidentified Google search was conducted using the search phrase "nipple reconstruction" in English and "reconstrucción del pezón" in Spanish. The first ten websites in English and Spanish were included. A quality assessment of these websites was performed using the Patient Education and Materials Assessment Tool, Cultural Sensitivity Assessment Tool, and Simple Measure of Gobbledygook to evaluate understandability and actionability, cultural sensitivity, and readability, respectively. Unpaired t-tests and Chi-square tests were used to analyze differences between the groups.
English sites scored similarly to Spanish sites on understandability (70.1% versus 71.0%, P = 0.82) and actionability (46.3% versus 37.5%, P = 0.27), although actionability scores were below the acceptable threshold (70%) in both groups. English sites were significantly more culturally sensitive than Spanish sites (60% versus 10%, P < 0.001). English sites had a statistically significant higher average reading grade level compared to Spanish sites (12.3 versus 10.4, P = 0.005); however both groups exceeded recommended reading grade levels for online health resources. For websites from the same organization, English websites tended to be difficult to read; however, more culturally sensitive, compared to Spanish ones.
These findings suggest areas of improvement for culturally competent care for reconstruction patients. Improving the readability of online health resources for nipple reconstruction is essential in enabling patients to create informed decisions about their reconstructed breast.
本研究旨在评估英文和西班牙文在线健康资源中关于乳头重建内容的可获取性，以确定改善信息获取的领域。
使用英文搜索短语“nipple reconstruction”和西班牙文搜索短语“reconstrucción del pezón”进行匿名谷歌搜索。纳入英文和西班牙文的前十个网站。使用患者教育与材料评估工具、文化敏感性评估工具和简明晦涩语言度量工具分别对这些网站进行质量评估，以评估可理解性和可操作性、文化敏感性及可读性。采用非配对t检验和卡方检验分析组间差异。
英文网站在可理解性（70.1%对71.0%，P = 0.82）和可操作性（46.3%对37.5%，P = 0.27）方面的得分与西班牙文网站相似，尽管两组的可操作性得分均低于可接受阈值（70%）。英文网站在文化敏感性方面显著高于西班牙文网站（60%对10%，P < 0.001）。与西班牙文网站相比，英文网站的平均阅读年级水平在统计学上显著更高（12.3对10.4，P = 0.005）；然而，两组均超过了在线健康资源推荐的阅读年级水平。对于同一组织的网站，英文网站往往更难阅读；然而，与西班牙文网站相比，文化敏感性更高。
这些发现提示了重建患者文化胜任护理方面需要改进的领域。提高乳头重建在线健康资源的可读性对于使患者能够就其乳房重建做出明智决策至关重要。
