Advanced lithium-ion battery process manufacturing equipment for gigafactories: Past, present, and future perspectives.

Lithium-ion battery cell manufacturing depends on a few key raw materials and equipment manufacturers. Battery manufacturing faces global challenges and opportunities as various regions, including Asia, Europe, North America, and emerging markets, seek to scale gigafactory production and innovate equipment manufacturing pathways. Regions can enhance battery resilience by investing in advanced technologies, optimizing resource utilization, and adopting sustainable manufacturing practices. Investing in local technologies, taking advantage of green energy and processes, relying on local expertise and research opportunities, and strengthening partnerships among smaller suppliers are some solutions. Manufacturing equipment evaluation highlights significant challenges in electrode preparation, cell assembly, and finishing. Using space-saving machinery and cost-effective, scalable technologies that can adapt to new battery advancements is a practical solution. Continuous mixing of initial materials, double-sided coating, dry processes, electrolyte recovery, precise stacking, simultaneous formation in multiple cells, and online process validation accelerate the global shift toward electrification.