Chemical composition of Stingless bee, (Tetragonula iridipennis Smith) propolis.

Propolis, a sticky resinous material gathered by bees from various plant sources such as tree buds, sap flows, and other botanical exudates, is renowned for its remarkable biological properties, extensively used in the treatment of several illnesses and for its positive impact on human health. Propolis has been linked to a variety of health advantages, including antiviral, antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. These benefits are attributed to its rich content of flavonoids, aromatic acids, and phenolic compounds. This study examined the composition of stingless bee propolis using sophisticated analytical techniques, GC-HRMS and LC-HRMS analysis. The analysis unveiled that the primary chemical classes present in the propolis were acids, fatty acids, steroids, alcohols, amines, amino acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, chalcones, aldehydes, ketones, benzene, coumarin, pterocarpan, ether, and ester. Components commonly identified across all locations included:syringic acid, and ellagic acid (acids), punicic acid, 9,10-dihydroxystearic acid, and phloionolic acid (steroids and fatty acids), thevetiaflavone, luteolin, and quercetin (flavonoids), octadecanamine and oleamide (amines), ursolic acid and oleanolic acid (terpenoids), 5-[(z)-pentadec-8-enyl] benzene-1,3-diol (alcohols), dihydrocordoin and orotinichalcone (chalcones). The predominant components identified in the propolis of location 1 and location 3 was 20S, 24S-dihydroxy dammer-25-en-3-one, whereas it was glycyrrhizic acid in location 2 and location 4.