Gandla Srinivas, Moon Changgyun, Leem Jung Woo, Yoon Jinsik, Yun Hee Seong, Kim Min Seok, Kim Dongmin, Lee Sunjong, Yao Yao, Alexandropoulos Dimitris, Song Young Min, Yoon Dong Ki, Park Wook, Kim Young L, Kim Sunkook
Multifunctional Nano Bio Electronics Lab, Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.
ACS Nano. 2025 Aug 5;19(30):27033-27074. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.5c01917. Epub 2025 Jul 22.
With the accelerating expansion of connectivity, the need for advanced cyber-physical security technologies that bridge the digital and physical worlds is becoming more crucial than ever. Physically unclonable functions (PUFs) leveraging nanotechnologies and photonic technologies are emerging as practical and deployable hardware security solutions that go beyond software-based hardware security. Optics- and photonics-based PUFs (often referred to as optical PUFs) offer a range of characteristics beneficial to multiplex strategies that incorporate multilevel and multimodal approaches, based on their fundamental optical and photonic properties. PUFs are categorized as multilevel when multiple responses are generated from a single type of challenge, such as a light source or optical tool. In contrast, they are classified as multimodal when multiple responses are created from various types of challenges involving a combination of different light sources and optical tools. This review highlights recent advances and progress in integrating emerging materials, detection tools, authentication methods, imaging techniques, reconfigurability, and unclonability, which are essential for advancing next-generation multiplex PUFs. To facilitate real-world applications and to support deployment in real-world senarios, we also discuss existing limitations in multiplex optical PUFs and explore potential strategies to overcome such challenges, supporting our increasingly hyperconnected society.
随着连接性的加速扩展，对于连接数字世界和物理世界的先进网络物理安全技术的需求比以往任何时候都更加关键。利用纳米技术和光子技术的物理不可克隆功能（PUF）正在成为超越基于软件的硬件安全的实用且可部署的硬件安全解决方案。基于光学和光子学的PUF（通常称为光学PUF）基于其基本的光学和光子特性，具有一系列有利于采用多级和多模态方法的复用策略的特性。当从单一类型的挑战（例如光源或光学工具）产生多个响应时，PUF被分类为多级。相比之下，当从涉及不同光源和光学工具组合的各种类型的挑战中产生多个响应时，它们被分类为多模态。本综述重点介绍了集成新兴材料、检测工具、认证方法、成像技术、可重构性和不可克隆性方面的最新进展，这些对于推进下一代复用PUF至关重要。为了促进实际应用并支持在实际场景中的部署，我们还讨论了复用光学PUF中的现有局限性，并探索克服此类挑战的潜在策略，以支持我们日益高度互联的社会。
