Before the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the African region already faced a substantial communicable disease burden and a rising prevalence of noncommunicable and chronic conditions. The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored critical vulnerabilities within the health systems in African countries and highlighted the urgent need for self-sufficiency to increase resilience in vaccine manufacturing and clinical trial capacity. In response, substantial efforts are underway to develop vaccine and pharmaceutical manufacturing capabilities across the continent. Ongoing initiatives supported by large donor organizations are aimed at initiating much-needed progress toward greater self-sufficiency in vaccine production in Africa, as coordinated by the Africa Centers for Disease Control. Continued investment, regulatory harmonization, and strengthened international and regional partnerships are essential for Africa to develop sustainable vaccine manufacturing.