Boluda Rafael, Alejos-Campo Alejandro, Fernández-Gómez Eva, Gamón Miguel, Roca-Pérez Luis, Andreu-Sánchez Oscar
Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés i Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain.
J Xenobiot. 2025 Jun 26;15(4):98. doi: 10.3390/jox15040098.
The intensive use of pesticides has raised environmental concerns due to their persistence and slow degradation, posing ecotoxicological risks. Despite regulatory measures, pesticide application remains high, leading to soil and water contamination. To effectively monitor and mitigate these impacts, selecting an appropriate and efficient extraction method for detecting pesticides in soil is critical. This study evaluated the effectiveness of two extraction methods in soil-QuEChERS and QuEChERSER-and assessed the persistence of three commonly used pesticides. A test was conducted using 13 pesticide standards, representing a wide variety of functional groups, to compare the two extraction methods. For the persistence study, a microcosm experiment was performed with three selected pesticides: pendimethalin, oxyfluorfen, and trifloxystrobin. These were chosen due to their agricultural relevance, potential human toxicity, and persistence in various environmental compartments. The impact of two organic amendments on their dissipation was also evaluated. The microcosms were incubated in dark chambers at room temperature for 21 days, and pesticide concentrations were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Both methods were effective, though performance varied depending on the compound. QuEChERSER proved to be more efficient, requiring less time and fewer resources than the traditional QuEChERS method. Among the three pesticides tested, the herbicide oxyfluorfen was the most persistent, while the fungicide trifloxystrobin showed the least persistence. The application of organic amendments enhanced the dissipation of all three pesticides. These findings highlight the importance of selecting appropriate extraction techniques and adopting sustainable agricultural practices to mitigate pesticide residues in the environment.
由于农药具有持久性且降解缓慢，其大量使用引发了环境问题，带来了生态毒理学风险。尽管有监管措施，但农药施用量仍然很高，导致土壤和水污染。为了有效监测和减轻这些影响，选择一种合适且高效的土壤中农药提取方法至关重要。本研究评估了两种土壤提取方法——快速、简便、廉价、有效、耐用且安全（QuEChERS）方法和改进的QuEChERS（QuEChERSER）方法——的有效性，并评估了三种常用农药的持久性。使用13种农药标准品进行了一项测试，这些标准品代表了各种各样的官能团，以比较这两种提取方法。对于持久性研究，使用三种选定的农药进行了微观试验：二甲戊灵、乙氧氟草醚和肟菌酯。选择这些农药是因为它们在农业中的相关性、潜在的人体毒性以及在各种环境介质中的持久性。还评估了两种有机改良剂对其消散的影响。将微观试验在黑暗的室内于室温下孵育21天，并使用超高效液相色谱 - 串联质谱法分析农药浓度。两种方法都有效，不过性能因化合物而异。事实证明，QuEChERSER方法更高效，与传统的QuEChERS方法相比，所需时间和资源更少。在所测试的三种农药中，除草剂乙氧氟草醚最持久，而杀菌剂肟菌酯的持久性最低。有机改良剂的应用增强了所有三种农药的消散。这些发现凸显了选择合适提取技术和采用可持续农业实践以减轻环境中农药残留的重要性。
