Pérez-Lucas Gabriel, Martínez-Zapata Andrea, Navarro Simón
Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, School of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
J Xenobiot. 2025 Jun 30;15(4):100. doi: 10.3390/jox15040100.
High levels of pesticide use are associated with intensive crop production. Pesticides are increasingly prevalent in surface and groundwater, which is a major environmental concern. Various methods have been proposed to improve the retention and/or degradation of pesticides in soils. These methods are mainly based on soil adaptation with organic wastes to mitigate soil and water pollution. In addition, there has recently been increased interest in assessing the influence of organic waste additions on pesticide movement in soils with low contents of organic matter. Agriculture and related industries generate large amounts of waste each year. Because of their components, they have the great ability to produce high-value products for environmental restoration. This study reports on the influence of four different agro-industrial wastes (orange peel, beer bagasse, grape pomace, and gazpacho waste) used as organic amendments on the leaching of metobromuron and chlorbromuron (phenylurea herbicides) on a silty clay loam soil (gypsic-calcaric regosol) with low organic matter contents from a semiarid area (southeastern Spain). The adsorption, leaching, and dissipation processes of these herbicides were evaluated on a laboratory scale in amended and unamended soils. In addition, the main leaching indices (GUS, LIX, LEACH, M LEACH, LIN, GLI, HI, and ELI) commonly used to assess groundwater protection against pesticide pollution were evaluated. The sorption coefficients () increased in the amended soils. Metobromuron was found in leachates in all cases, although a marked reduction was observed in amended soils, while chlorbromuron was mainly retained in soils, especially in the top layer. The disappearance time (DT) for metobromuron and chlorbromuron in soil ranged from 11 to 56 d and 18 to 95 d, respectively. All indices except GLI categorize metobromuron as mobile or very mobile in unamended soil. For chlorbromuron, GUS, LIX, LEACH, MLEACH, and Hornsby classify this compound as a medium-to-high leache, while GLI and ELI classify it as having low mobility. In amended soils, most indices classify metobromuron as transitioning to mobile, while most indices catalog chlorbromuron as immobile/transition.
高农药使用水平与集约化作物生产相关。农药在地表水和地下水中日益普遍，这是一个重大的环境问题。人们提出了各种方法来提高农药在土壤中的保留和/或降解。这些方法主要基于用有机废物改良土壤以减轻土壤和水污染。此外，最近人们越来越关注评估添加有机废物对有机质含量低的土壤中农药迁移的影响。农业及相关产业每年产生大量废物。由于其成分，它们具有生产用于环境修复的高价值产品的巨大能力。本研究报告了四种不同的农业工业废物（橙皮、啤酒渣、葡萄皮渣和西班牙凉菜汤废物）作为有机改良剂对甲溴隆和氯溴隆（苯基脲类除草剂）在来自半干旱地区（西班牙东南部）的低有机质粉质粘壤土（石膏钙质初育土）上淋溶的影响。这些除草剂的吸附、淋溶和消散过程在实验室规模下在改良和未改良土壤中进行了评估。此外，还评估了常用于评估地下水免受农药污染保护的主要淋溶指数（GUS、LIX、LEACH、M LEACH、LIN、GLI、HI和ELI）。改良土壤中的吸附系数（）增加。在所有情况下，甲溴隆都出现在渗滤液中，尽管在改良土壤中观察到显著减少，而氯溴隆主要保留在土壤中，尤其是表层。甲溴隆和氯溴隆在土壤中的消失时间（DT）分别为11至56天和18至95天。除GLI外，所有指数都将未改良土壤中的甲溴隆归类为易迁移或极易迁移。对于氯溴隆，GUS、LIX、LEACH、MLEACH和霍恩斯比将该化合物归类为中至高淋溶，而GLI和ELI将其归类为低迁移性。在改良土壤中，大多数指数将甲溴隆归类为向易迁移转变，而大多数指数将氯溴隆归类为不易迁移/转变。
