Sagar Bipul Mondal, Islam Md Mozahidul, Habib Md Lawshan, Ahmed Samina, Sahadat Hossain Md
Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gopalganj Science and Technology University Gopalganj Bangladesh
Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University Noakhali Bangladesh.
RSC Adv. 2025 Jul 23;15(32):26276-26301. doi: 10.1039/d5ra02896e. eCollection 2025 Jul 21.
The growing need for sustainable materials has sparked interest in natural polymers such as cellulose, chitin, and chitosan. This review explored the synthesis routes and various natural and waste-derived sources of these biopolymers. Chitin and chitosan, obtained primarily from crustaceans, insects, and microorganisms, are economically valuable due to their biodegradability and biocompatibility. Chitosan is produced through demineralization, deproteinization, and deacetylation using either chemical methods or microbial fermentation. Cellulose is extracted from agro-waste (, banana peels, rice husks) and textile residues using chemical or mechanical techniques, with processing occurring on nano to macro scales through pre-hydrolysis, bleaching, and pulping. Emphasizing synthesis conditions, environmental implications, and industrial relevance, this review aims to comprehensively understand these polymers' structural characteristics and processing pathways, offering guidance for future research and sustainable waste valorization.
对可持续材料日益增长的需求引发了人们对天然聚合物（如纤维素、几丁质和壳聚糖）的兴趣。本综述探讨了这些生物聚合物的合成路线以及各种天然和废弃物衍生来源。几丁质和壳聚糖主要从甲壳类动物、昆虫和微生物中获得，因其生物可降解性和生物相容性而具有经济价值。壳聚糖是通过化学方法或微生物发酵进行脱矿质、脱蛋白和脱乙酰化生产的。纤维素使用化学或机械技术从农业废弃物（如香蕉皮、稻壳）和纺织残渣中提取，通过预水解、漂白和制浆在纳米到宏观尺度上进行加工。本综述强调合成条件、环境影响和工业相关性，旨在全面了解这些聚合物的结构特征和加工途径，为未来研究和可持续废弃物增值提供指导。
