Gad Mohammed M, Alkhathami Ali, Alameer Shahad T, Alshehri Turki, Alotaibi Mohammed, Khan Soban Q, Akhtar Sultan, Al-Dulaijan Yousif A
Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
J Prosthodont. 2025 Jul 24. doi: 10.1111/jopr.70009.
The purpose is to evaluate the effect of adding Halloysite Nanotubes (HNTs) on the flexural strength (FS), elastic modulus, and hardness of 3D-printed denture base resins (DBRs).
A total of 160 bar- and disk-shaped specimens were fabricated from 3D-printed resins (DentaBASE-ASIGA and Denture 3D+-NextDent), incorporating three concentrations of HNTs (0.3%-, 0.6%-, and 0.9%) in addition to one control group without HNTs addition. Specimens were designed to the required dimensions and printed according to the manufacturer's recommendations. The printed specimens were finished, polished, and then subjected to thermal cycling (5000 cycles). Flexural properties were measured using the 3-point bending fixture with a universal testing machine, and a Vickers hardness tester was used to assess the hardness. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used for fracture surface analysis and HNTs distribution. ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's test were used for data analysis (α = 0.05).
Adding HNTs to 3D-printed DBRs increased FS compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Between HNTs-modified groups, 0.6% and 0.9% groups showed a significant increase in FS compared with the 0.3% group, while no significant difference was observed between 0.6% and 0.9% HNTs (p > 0.05). The elastic modulus significantly increased by adding HNTs compared to the control group (p < 0.001), while no significant differences in the elastic modulus were observed between HNTs-modified groups (p > 0.05). SEM analysis revealed a ductile fracture mode for HNTs-modified groups. Compared to the control group, the hardness of 3D-printed resin increased with HNTs addition (p < 0.001). Up to 0.6% HNTs, a significant increase in hardness was reported, while 0.9% significantly decreased the hardness compared with 0.6% HNTs (p < 0.001). No significant differences were found between materials per concentration (p > 0.05) when comparing materials.
The FS, elastic modulus, and hardness of 3D-printed resins increased with the addition of HNTs. Regarding HNTs concentrations, 0.3% and 0.6% positively impacted the tested properties and could be recommended as an alternative to pure 3D-printed resins after testing other properties and evaluating the performance of HNTs-3D-printed nanocomposites.
评估添加埃洛石纳米管（HNTs）对3D打印义齿基托树脂（DBRs）的弯曲强度（FS）、弹性模量和硬度的影响。
用3D打印树脂（DentaBASE - ASIGA和Denture 3D + - NextDent）制作了总共160个棒状和盘状试件，除了一个未添加HNTs的对照组外，还加入了三种浓度的HNTs（0.3%、0.6%和0.9%）。试件按要求尺寸设计，并根据制造商的建议进行打印。打印后的试件进行精加工、抛光，然后进行热循环（5000次循环）。使用三点弯曲夹具和万能试验机测量弯曲性能，并用维氏硬度计评估硬度。用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）进行断口表面分析和HNTs分布分析。采用方差分析和事后Tukey检验进行数据分析（α = 0.05）。
与对照组相比，向3D打印的DBRs中添加HNTs可提高FS（p < 0.001）。在HNTs改性组之间，0.6%和0.9%组的FS与0.3%组相比有显著增加，而0.6%和0.9% HNTs组之间未观察到显著差异（p > 0.05）。与对照组相比，添加HNTs后弹性模量显著增加（p < 0.001），而HNTs改性组之间的弹性模量未观察到显著差异（p > 0.05）。SEM分析显示HNTs改性组为韧性断裂模式。与对照组相比，添加HNTs后3D打印树脂的硬度增加（p < 0.001）。HNTs含量高达0.6%时，硬度显著增加，而0.9%组与0.6% HNTs组相比硬度显著降低（p < 0.001）。比较不同材料时，各浓度材料之间未发现显著差异（p > 0.05）。
添加HNTs后，3D打印树脂的FS、弹性模量和硬度增加。关于HNTs浓度，0.3%和0.6%对测试性能有积极影响，在测试其他性能并评估HNTs - 3D打印纳米复合材料的性能后，可推荐作为纯3D打印树脂的替代品。
