Arsenic toxicity in the brain at single cell resolution.

Arsenic is an ubiquitous environmental toxicant with harmful physiological effects, including neurotoxicity. Modulation of arsenic-induced gene expression in the brain cannot be readily studied in human subjects. However, allows quantification of transcriptional responses to neurotoxins at single cell resolution across the entire brain in a single analysis. We exposed to a chronic dose of NaAsO that does not cause rapid lethality and measured survival and negative geotaxis as a proxy of sensorimotor integration. Females survive longer than males but show earlier physiological impairment in climbing ability. Single-nuclei RNA sequencing showed widespread sex-antagonistic transcriptional responses with modulation of gene expression in females biased toward neuronal cell populations and in males toward glial cells. However, differentially expressed genes implicate similar biological pathways. Evolutionary conservation of fundamental processes of the nervous system enabled us to translate arsenic-induced changes in transcript abundances from the model to orthologous human neurogenetic networks.