Nitric oxide‑mediated S‑Nitrosylation contributes to signaling transduction in human physiological and pathological status (Review).

In the complex development of various diseases, nitric oxide‑mediated S‑nitrosylation is increasingly recognized for its distinct regulatory function. Recent research has advanced our knowledge of how this nitric oxide‑dependent modification is dynamically controlled under both physiological and pathological conditions. S‑nitrosylation plays a key role in regulating mitochondrial function, gene transcription, cellular homeostasis and metabolism and it is also involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders, neurological conditions and cancer. The present review outlined the signaling pathways driven by nitric oxide and describes the formation, specificity and factors that influence S‑nitrosylation levels. It also compared the strengths and limitations of different detection methods for S‑nitrosation reactions. The present review discussed the cellular regulatory mechanisms affected by S‑nitrosylation to clarify how certain major diseases are connected to specific S‑nitrosylated proteins. These insights may guide the development of targeted repair strategies for malfunctioning proteins by focusing on defined S‑nitrosylation sites, offering theoretical support for disease intervention and treatment.