Massire Anne, Cussonneau Flavie, Elbelt Sonia, Constant Carole, Bardin Marc, Moury Benoît, Lefebvre Véronique
INRAE, GAFL, Montfavet, France.
SAKATA Vegetables Europe SAS, Uchaud, France.
Mol Plant Pathol. 2025 Jul;26(7):e70128. doi: 10.1111/mpp.70128.
Pepper powdery mildew, caused by the obligate fungal pathogen Leveillula taurica (asexual stage: Oidiopsis taurica (Lév.) Salmon 1906, synonym: Oidiopsis sicula Scalia 1902), poses a significant threat to pepper (Capsicum spp.) cultivation worldwide. This review delves into the taxonomy, geographical distribution, host range, disease symptoms, and life cycle of L. taurica and discusses strategies for managing its epidemics, with a focus on plant genetic immunity.
Phylum: Ascomycota; Class: Leotiomycetes; Order: Helotiales; Family: Erysiphaceae; Tribe: Phyllactinieae; Genus and species: Leveillula taurica (Lév.) Arnaud 1921. Synonym: Erysiphe taurica Léveillé 1851; in 2025, the species Leveillula taurica was renamed Phyllactinia taurica.
Leveillula taurica exhibits a broad host range, infecting monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants of around 200 genera across 60 families, including both herbaceous plants and trees. It causes substantial agricultural losses, particularly in pepper crops. The pathogen is distributed globally, occurring on all continents except Antarctica.
Initial symptoms include chlorotic spots on the upper leaf surface, which may coalesce and turn necrotic over time. A white mycelial coating (conidia and conidiophores) appears on the lower leaf surface beneath these spots. Severe infections can lead to leaf curling, defoliation, sunburned fruits and reduced yield and quality. The disease is particularly destructive in greenhouses and regions with hot, dry days alternating with cool, humid nights.
The hemi-endophytic lifestyle of L. taurica complicates disease management. Effective management of L. taurica involves integrated strategies: regular crop monitoring for early detection, cultural practices to limit fungal development, biocontrol agents, and chemical treatments to prevent or eradicate infections, and the use of resistant plant varieties. Sulphur-based fungicides, commonly used in organic farming, as well as demethylation inhibitors and quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides, have demonstrated efficacy; however, the emergence of QoI-resistant isolates necessitates cautious use. Additionally, biocontrol agents, such as Trichoderma spp. and other mycoparasitic fungi, provide alternative tools by inhibiting fungal growth. Breeding and deploying resistant varieties provide a sustainable approach to managing this disease.
由专性真菌病原体塔乌里单囊壳菌（无性阶段：牛舌状白粉菌（Lév.）Salmon 1906，同义词：西西里白粉菌Scalia 1902）引起的辣椒白粉病，对全球辣椒（辣椒属）种植构成重大威胁。本综述深入探讨了塔乌里单囊壳菌的分类学、地理分布、寄主范围、病害症状和生命周期，并讨论了控制其流行的策略，重点是植物遗传免疫。
门：子囊菌门；纲：锤舌菌纲；目：柔膜菌目；科：白粉菌科；族：小钩丝壳族；属和种：塔乌里单囊壳菌（Lév.）Arnaud 1921。同义词：塔乌里白粉菌Léveillé 1851；2025年，塔乌里单囊壳菌被重新命名为塔乌里小钩丝壳菌。
塔乌里单囊壳菌寄主范围广泛，感染60个科约200个属的单子叶植物和双子叶植物，包括草本植物和树木。它造成了巨大的农业损失，尤其是在辣椒作物上。该病原体分布于全球，除南极洲外各大洲均有发生。
最初的症状包括叶片上表面出现褪绿斑点，随着时间的推移，这些斑点可能会合并并坏死。在这些斑点下方的叶片下表面会出现白色菌丝层（分生孢子和分生孢子梗）。严重感染会导致叶片卷曲、落叶、果实晒伤以及产量和品质下降。这种病害在温室以及白天炎热干燥、夜晚凉爽潮湿的地区尤其具有破坏性。
塔乌里单囊壳菌的半内生生活方式使病害管理变得复杂。对塔乌里单囊壳菌进行有效管理需要综合策略：定期监测作物以便早期发现，采用栽培措施限制真菌生长，使用生物防治剂和化学处理来预防或根除感染，以及使用抗病植物品种。有机农业中常用的硫基杀菌剂，以及脱甲基抑制剂和醌外抑制剂（QoI）杀菌剂已证明有效；然而，QoI抗性菌株的出现需要谨慎使用。此外，生物防治剂，如木霉菌属和其他寄生真菌，通过抑制真菌生长提供了替代工具。培育和推广抗病品种为管理这种病害提供了一种可持续的方法。
