Clemente-Suárez Vicente Javier, Redondo-Flórez Laura, Beltrán-Velasco Ana Isabel, Yáñez-Sepúlveda Rodrigo, Rubio-Zarapuz Alejandro, Martín-Rodríguez Alexandra, Navarro-Jimenez Eduardo, Tornero-Aguilera José Francisco
Faculty of Medicine, Health and Sports, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain.
Study Center in Applied Combate (CESCA), 45007 Toledo, Spain.
Metabolites. 2025 Jul 4;15(7):453. doi: 10.3390/metabo15070453.
This review examines human digestive physiology and metabolic adaptations in the context of evolutionary dietary patterns, particularly those emphasizing carnivorous and scavenging behaviors. By integrating metabolomic data with archaeological, anatomical, and microbiological evidence, the study explores how early hominins adapted to intermittent but energy-dense animal-based diets. The analysis highlights the development of hepatic insulin resistance, enhanced fat and protein metabolism, and shifts in gut microbiota diversity as physiological signatures of meat consumption. Comparative evaluations of digestive enzyme profiles, intestinal morphology, and salivary composition underscore humans' omnivorous flexibility and partial carnivorous specialization. Additionally, biomarkers such as ketone bodies, branched-chain amino acids, and trimethylamine-N-oxide are identified as metabolic indicators of habitual meat intake. These adaptations, though once evolutionarily advantageous, are discussed in relation to current metabolic disorders in modern nutritional contexts. Overall, this review presents a metabolomic framework for understanding the evolutionary trajectory of human digestion and its implications for health and dietary recommendations.
本综述在进化饮食模式的背景下审视人类消化生理学和代谢适应性，尤其是那些强调肉食和 scavenging 行为的模式。通过将代谢组学数据与考古学、解剖学和微生物学证据相结合，该研究探索了早期人类如何适应间歇性但能量密集的动物性饮食。分析突出了肝脏胰岛素抵抗的发展、脂肪和蛋白质代谢的增强以及肠道微生物群多样性的变化，作为肉食消费的生理特征。对消化酶谱、肠道形态和唾液成分的比较评估强调了人类杂食的灵活性和部分肉食的特化。此外，酮体、支链氨基酸和氧化三甲胺等生物标志物被确定为习惯性肉食摄入的代谢指标。这些适应性虽然曾经在进化上具有优势，但在现代营养背景下与当前的代谢紊乱相关进行了讨论。总体而言，本综述提出了一个代谢组学框架，用于理解人类消化的进化轨迹及其对健康和饮食建议的影响。 （注：scavenging 可译为“食腐” ，但文中未明确给出其确切含义，根据语境推测可能是类似意思，这里保留英文未译）
