Miralles Pablo, Fuentes-Ferragud Esther, Socas-Hernández Cristina, Coscollà Clara
Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencian Community (FISABIO), FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain.
Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain.
Toxics. 2025 Jun 28;13(7):543. doi: 10.3390/toxics13070543.
Non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in plastic food contact materials represent a critical undercharacterized chemical safety concern, caused by their inherent diversity, potential toxicity, and regulatory challenges. This review synthesizes recent advances and persistent gaps in NIAS analysis, with a primary focus on analytical workflows for non-targeted analysis, alongside a consideration of risk assessment and toxicological prioritization frameworks. Conventional plastics (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, or polyethylene terephthalate) as well as emerging materials (e.g., bioplastics and recycled polymers) exhibit different NIAS profiles, including oligomers, degradation products, additives, and contaminants, requiring specific approaches for migration testing, extraction, and detection. Advanced techniques, such as ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography or two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry, have enabled non-targeted analysis approaches. However, the field remains constrained by spectral library gaps, limited reference standards, and inconsistent data processing protocols, resulting in heavy reliance on tentative identifications. Risk assessment procedures mainly employ the Threshold of Toxicological Concern and classification by Cramer's rules. Nevertheless, addressing genotoxicity, mixture effects, and novel hazards from recycled or bio-based polymers remains challenging with these approaches. Future priorities and efforts may include expanding spectral databases, harmonizing analytical protocols, and integrating in vitro bioassays with computational toxicology to refine hazard characterization.
塑料食品接触材料中的非故意添加物质（NIAS）是一个关键的、特征描述不足的化学安全问题，这是由其固有的多样性、潜在毒性和监管挑战所导致的。本综述综合了NIAS分析方面的最新进展和持续存在的差距，主要关注非靶向分析的分析工作流程，同时考虑风险评估和毒理学优先排序框架。传统塑料（如聚乙烯、聚丙烯或聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯）以及新兴材料（如生物塑料和再生聚合物）呈现出不同的NIAS特征，包括低聚物、降解产物、添加剂和污染物，这需要针对迁移测试、提取和检测采用特定方法。超高效液相色谱或二维气相色谱与高分辨率质谱联用等先进技术，已经实现了非靶向分析方法。然而，该领域仍然受到光谱库缺口、参考标准有限以及数据处理协议不一致的限制，导致严重依赖暂定鉴定。风险评估程序主要采用毒理学关注阈值和克莱默规则分类。尽管如此，使用这些方法应对来自再生或生物基聚合物的遗传毒性、混合物效应和新危害仍然具有挑战性。未来的优先事项和工作可能包括扩展光谱数据库、统一分析协议，以及将体外生物测定与计算毒理学相结合以完善危害特征描述。
