Chowdhury Masuma, Laiz Irene, de la Calle Ignacio
Quasar Science Resources, S.L, Camino de las Ceudas 2, Las Rozas de Madrid, 28232, Spain.
Departamento de Física Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Campus de Excelencia, Cádiz, Spain.
Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 25;15(1):27144. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-11233-1.
Monitoring faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Enterococcus, in recreational waters is crucial for public health and environmental safety. Although satellite data is widely utilized for water quality monitoring, its direct use for monitoring FIB represents a novel and valuable application. This study pioneers the use of Sentinel-2 imagery to develop empirical models that identify, map and monitor E. coli and Enterococcus across 20 beaches in Calvià, Mallorca, Spain. Employing spectral indices derived from Sentinel-2 reflectance at 2022, 1614, and 443 nm wavelengths, the models effectively identified and distinguished bacterial contamination from traditional water quality indicators, including chlorophyll-a, turbidity, suspended matter, and coloured dissolved organic matter. The developed models demonstrated strong predictive capabilities (R = 0.79 for E. coli, R = 0.74 for Enterococcus, p < 0.05), successfully mapping contamination events and pollution sources. This study offers a new tool for monitoring faecal contamination, thus highlighting the potential of satellite technology to enhance environmental monitoring and ensure the safety of recreational waters.
监测休闲水域中的粪便指示菌（FIB），如大肠杆菌（E. coli）和肠球菌，对公众健康和环境安全至关重要。尽管卫星数据被广泛用于水质监测，但其直接用于监测FIB是一种新颖且有价值的应用。本研究率先利用哨兵-2影像开发经验模型，以识别、绘制和监测西班牙马略卡岛卡尔维亚20个海滩的大肠杆菌和肠球菌。利用2022年、1614年和443纳米波长下哨兵-2反射率得出的光谱指数，这些模型有效地识别并区分了细菌污染与传统水质指标，包括叶绿素a、浊度、悬浮物和有色溶解有机物。所开发的模型显示出强大的预测能力（大肠杆菌的R = 0.79，肠球菌的R = 0.74，p < 0.05），成功绘制了污染事件和污染源。本研究提供了一种监测粪便污染的新工具，从而凸显了卫星技术在加强环境监测和确保休闲水域安全方面的潜力。
