Cheung Kin, Ma Ka Yan, Cheung E S P, Sin Benjamin Chiu-Hang, Mui Kwan Wai, Ko Yuen Kwan, Tsoi Sin Man, Leung Nok Hang, Lui Ka Yee, Ng Winnie Wing Man, Chan Pui Sze Bessie, Lau H C, Lee Yu Hin Brian
School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
Caritas Youth and Community Service & Community Development Service, 27, Pokfield Road, Kennedy Town, Hong Kong, China.
Int J Equity Health. 2025 Jul 28;24(1):213. doi: 10.1186/s12939-025-02587-z.
This pioneering study examined the psychometric properties of workstyle related to work-related musculoskeletal symptoms (WRMS) among cleaners, a neglected workforce. Like many low-income, low-skilled workers, cleaners have unique workstyles. This research assessed the Workstyle-Short Form (WSF) to identify WRMS in various body parts among cleaners.
433 cleaners were surveyed in the study. The items were modified from Chinese-WSF24 (C-WSF24) and new items were added according to the unique working environment of Chinese cleaners. A scale with 33 items of the workstyle was rigorously analysed for its psychometric properties through content validity, factor analysis, known group validity and convergent validity.
A panel of 13 experts reviewed the scale over three rounds until a consensus was reached. Factor analysis generated a four-factor solution using exploratory factor analysis, which included working through pain, social reactivity at work, demands at work and breaks. This solution comprised 28 items and accounted for 46.12% of the total variance. The overall results of the confirmatory factor analysis further support this hypothesized factor structure, supported by the Workstyle Model. Validation against known groups also showed that the Chinese-WSF28 (C-WSF28) can discriminate between cleaners with and without WRMS in various body parts. Furthermore, C-WSF28 demonstrated convergent validity through statistically significant association with factors contributing to WRMS.
The C-WSF28 is a valid instrument, enabling comprehensive measurement of cleaners' workstyle and facilitating rigorous evaluation of workstyle interventions for enhanced outcomes.
这项开创性研究考察了清洁工（一个被忽视的劳动力群体）中与工作相关的肌肉骨骼症状（WRMS）相关的工作方式的心理测量特性。与许多低收入、低技能工人一样，清洁工有独特的工作方式。本研究评估了工作方式简表（WSF），以识别清洁工身体各部位的WRMS。
本研究对433名清洁工进行了调查。这些项目是从中文工作方式简表24（C-WSF24）修改而来，并根据中国清洁工独特的工作环境添加了新项目。通过内容效度、因子分析、已知群组效度和收敛效度，对一个包含33个工作方式项目的量表进行了严格的心理测量特性分析。
一个由13名专家组成的小组对该量表进行了三轮评审，直至达成共识。因子分析通过探索性因子分析得出了一个四因子解决方案，其中包括忍痛工作、工作中的社交反应、工作需求和休息。该解决方案包含28个项目，占总方差的46.12%。验证性因子分析的总体结果进一步支持了这一假设的因子结构，该结构得到了工作方式模型的支持。与已知群组的验证还表明，中文工作方式简表28（C-WSF28）可以区分身体各部位有无WRMS的清洁工。此外，C-WSF28通过与导致WRMS的因素的统计学显著关联，证明了收敛效度。
C-WSF28是一种有效的工具，能够全面测量清洁工的工作方式，并有助于对工作方式干预措施进行严格评估，以提高效果。
