Repurposing Rafoxanide: From Parasite Killer to Cancer Fighter.

Rafoxanide, originally developed as a veterinary anthelmintic for the treatment of parasitic infections in livestock, has recently emerged as a promising therapeutic prospect in oncology. This compound has demonstrated notable antineoplastic effects against a variety of cancers, including skin, gastric, colorectal, and lung cancers, as well as hematological malignancies such as multiple myeloma. Rafoxanide exerts its anticancer activity through multiple complementary mechanisms, including the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and immunogenic cell death. Furthermore, the drug has been reported to inhibit key oncogenic signaling pathways (e.g., STAT3, NF-κB, c-FLIP, survivin) that contribute to tumor growth and metastasis. Preclinical studies in murine models have demonstrated significant reductions in tumor volume of up to 50% and a tumor-free rate exceeding 80%, with effective doses ranging from 7.5 to 40 mg/kg. This multitargeted mode of action distinguishes rafoxanide from conventional therapies and may help overcome resistance mechanisms that often limit the efficacy of cancer treatments. In this review, we summarize and discuss the growing body of evidence supporting rafoxanide's therapeutic potential in oncology, as well as its possible applications in cancer treatment.