School Climate and Black Adolescents' Psychological Functioning: The Roles of Parental Self-Efficacy and Parenting Practices.

Based on ecological systems theory, adolescents' school climates can influence family interactions. In this study, it was tested whether associations between adolescents' and parents' perceptions of school climate in 7th grade (Wave 1) and adolescents' later psychological functioning in 11th grade (Wave 4) were partially mediated by parental self-efficacy and parenting practices when the adolescents were in 8th grade (Wave 3). Path analyses were conducted in MPlus v. 7.4. Among 660 Black American families from the Maryland Adolescent Development in Context Study, adolescents' positive perceptions of school climate were directly related to fewer internalizing and externalizing symptoms, higher resourcefulness, and higher self-esteem. Adolescents' perceptions of school climate were also indirectly related to their externalizing symptoms through parent-adolescent communication and conflict. Adolescents who reported more positive school climates reported higher parent-adolescent communication and lower parent-adolescent conflict. Adolescents' reports of school climate were also indirectly associated with self-esteem. Parents' perceptions of school climate were not directly related to adolescents' psychological functioning but were directly related to parental self-efficacy and parent-adolescent communication. They were also indirectly related to adolescents' externalizing symptoms through parental self-efficacy. Parental self-efficacy was positively related to parent-adolescent communication and parents' home-based school involvement. Overall, the findings highlight the role of school context in adolescents' psychological functioning and family processes.