Use, Risk and Revalorization of Veterinary Antibiotics: A Canadian Perspective.

The extensive use of veterinary antibiotics in livestock production is a growing concern, particularly in terms of environmental sustainability and health security. This review presents the case of veterinary antibiotic use and regulations in Canada before exploring a potential novel avenue for agricultural antibiotics waste up-cycling. The impact of the widespread use of antibiotics in animal husbandry is reviewed, and the dissemination routes of antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant bacteria from farms to the environment are explored to identify potential weaknesses in the management of veterinary antibiotics. The presence of antibiotic residues in livestock products and manure poses significant challenges, as these residues contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which poses a threat to both the environment and health. The review examines the fate of animal waste contaminated with antibiotics in the environment, exploring the impact of management practices on antibiotic degradation and their persistence in soil and water systems. Additionally, the potential risks to human and animal health are addressed, emphasizing the links between antibiotic residues in the environment and the rising threat of antimicrobial resistance. The last part of this review focuses on exploring how up-cycling veterinary antibiotic residues in insects for feed and fertilizers could contribute to mitigating these risks. Overall, this review calls for more integrated solutions that balance the need for antibiotics in animal agriculture with the prevention of environmental contamination and the antibiotic resistance threat, while meeting the rising demand for animal proteins, highlighting the need for more region-specific surveillance programs.