INTRODUCTION

Slow-paced breathing (SB) reduces anxiety, but its effects on frontal alpha asymmetry (also termed relative left frontal activity, rLFA) and the persistence of these effects after aversive stimuli remain unclear. This study investigated whether SB reduces state anxiety and enhances rLFA, and whether these effects persist immediately after exposure to aversive images from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) following the breathing task.

METHODS

Seventeen healthy participants (7 females) completed sessions of SB (4 s inhalation, 6 s exhalation) and resting breathing (RB). Electroencephalography (EEG), heart rate variability (HRV), respiratory parameters, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State (STAI-S) scores were measured at baseline (pre-task), post-task, and post-stimuli. HRV was evaluated by the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) and the low-frequency/high-frequency ratio (LF/HF ratio). Respiratory measurements included respiratory rate, coefficient of variation of respiratory intervals (CVRR), and end-tidal CO (ETCO). rLFA, measured by alpha wave activity, was calculated at midfrontal (F4-F3) and lateral frontal (F8-F7) EEG sites.

RESULTS

STAI-S scores in SB condition were significantly lower than in RB condition, both post-task ( < 0.001, Cohen's d = -1.46) and post-stimuli ( < 0.001, Cohen's d = -1.25). Midfrontal rLFA (F4-F3) also significantly increased with SB post-task ( < 0.01, Cohen's d = 1.03) and post-stimuli ( < 0.05, Cohen's d = 0.84), whereas lateral frontal rLFA (F8-F7) showed no significant changes. A significant interaction between intervention and time was observed for RMSSD ( < 0.01, ηG = 0.18). Post-task RMSSD was significantly lower in SB condition compared to RB condition ( < 0.001), but this difference was absent post-stimuli.

DISCUSSION

These findings suggest that SB effectively reduces state anxiety while enhancing rLFA, with these effects persisting after exposure to visual stressors. The anxiety-buffering effect of SB may be mediated by enhanced rLFA in the midfrontal region, reflecting improved prefrontal regulatory control over emotion. This indicates that SB could be a practical intervention to enhance neurophysiological resilience against acute stress.