RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are critical regulators of post-transcriptional processes, playing essential roles in nutrient metabolism and metabolic homeostasis. This literature review explores how RBPs influence the metabolism of glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism by controlling processes like mRNA stability and translation regulation. The dysregulation of RBPs, including HuR, PTB, and YTHDF1, is linked to metabolic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Advances in techniques like TREX technology and transcriptome analysis have deepened our understanding of RBP functions. Additionally, RBPs show promise as potential biomarkers and targets for new therapies. Future research directions in RBPs could focus on tissue-specific regulation and nutrient-RBP interactions. This could pave the way for more personalized treatments and improved metabolic health.