Kato-Noguchi Hisashi, Kato Midori
Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki 761-0795, Japan.
Plants (Basel). 2025 Jul 14;14(14):2175. doi: 10.3390/plants14142175.
L. has been introduced in markets worldwide due to its economic value. However, it is listed in the world's 100 worst alien invasive species because it easily escapes from cultivation, and forms dense monospecific stands in riparian areas, agricultural areas, and grassland areas along roadsides, including in protected areas. This species grows rapidly and produces large amounts of biomass due to its high photosynthetic ability. It spreads asexually through ramets, in addition to stem and rhizome fragments. Wildfires, flooding, and human activity promote its distribution and domination. It can adapt to various habitats and tolerate various adverse environmental conditions, such as cold temperatures, drought, flooding, and high salinity. exhibits defense mechanisms against biotic stressors, including herbivores and pathogens. It produces indole alkaloids, such as bufotenidine and gramine, as well as other alkaloids that are toxic to herbivorous mammals, insects, parasitic nematodes, and pathogenic fungi and oomycetes. accumulates high concentrations of phytoliths, which also protect against pathogen infection and herbivory. Only a few herbivores and pathogens have been reported to significantly damage growth and populations. Additionally, exhibits allelopathic activity against competing plant species, though the allelochemicals involved have yet to be identified. These characteristics may contribute to its infestation, survival, and population expansion in new habitats as an invasive plant species. Dense monospecific stands of alter ecosystem structures and functions. These stands impact abiotic processes in ecosystems by reducing water availability, and increasing the risk of erosion, flooding, and intense fires. The stands also negatively affect biotic processes by reducing plant diversity and richness, as well as the fitness of habitats for invertebrates and vertebrates. Eradicating from a habitat requires an ongoing, long-term integrated management approach based on an understanding of its invasive mechanisms. Human activity has also contributed to the spread of populations. There is an urgent need to address its invasive traits. This is the first review focusing on the invasive mechanisms of this plant in terms of adaptation to abiotic and biotic stressors, particularly physiological adaptation.
由于其经济价值，[物种名称]已被引入全球市场。然而，它被列为世界上100种最严重的外来入侵物种之一，因为它很容易从种植环境中逸出，并在河岸地区、农业地区以及路边的草地地区（包括保护区）形成密集的单一种群。该物种生长迅速，由于其高光合能力而产生大量生物量。它除了通过分株、茎和根茎片段进行无性繁殖外，还能通过这些方式传播。野火、洪水和人类活动促进了它的分布和主导地位。它能适应各种栖息地，并能耐受各种不利的环境条件，如低温、干旱、洪水和高盐度。[物种名称]表现出针对生物胁迫因子（包括食草动物和病原体）的防御机制。它产生吲哚生物碱，如蟾蜍特宁和禾草碱，以及其他对食草性哺乳动物、昆虫、寄生线虫、致病真菌和卵菌有毒的生物碱。[物种名称]积累了高浓度的植硅体，这也能防止病原体感染和食草动物侵害。据报道，只有少数食草动物和病原体能显著损害[物种名称]的生长和种群数量。此外，[物种名称]对竞争植物物种表现出化感活性，不过其中涉及的化感物质尚未确定。这些特性可能有助于它作为一种入侵植物物种在新栖息地的侵扰、生存和种群扩张。[物种名称]的密集单一种群改变了生态系统的结构和功能。这些种群通过减少水分供应以及增加侵蚀、洪水和严重火灾的风险来影响生态系统中的非生物过程。这些种群还通过减少植物多样性和丰富度以及栖息地对无脊椎动物和脊椎动物的适宜性来对生物过程产生负面影响。从一个栖息地根除[物种名称]需要基于对其入侵机制的理解，采取持续的、长期综合管理方法。人类活动也促成了[物种名称]种群的扩散。迫切需要解决其入侵特性。这是第一篇聚焦于该植物在适应非生物和生物胁迫因子（特别是生理适应）方面入侵机制的综述。
