Gulova Sofia M, Veselkina Uliana S, Astrakhantseva Irina V
Department of Immunobiology and Biomedicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354349 Sirius, Krasnodarsky Krai, Russia.
Vaccines (Basel). 2025 Jul 17;13(7):761. doi: 10.3390/vaccines13070761.
The emergence of a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus closely related to SARS-CoV and officially known as precipitated a substantial surge in vaccine development that culminated during the global COVID-19 pandemic. At present, there are dozens of vaccines for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 being utilized across the globe. However, only 10 of these vaccines have been authorized by the World Health Organization (WHO). These include mRNA-based, viral vector, subunit and whole-virion inactivated vaccines. At the current end of the pandemic, there has been a decline in the global vaccination rate, both for the general population and for those most at risk of severe illness from the virus. This suggests that the effectiveness of the vaccines may be waning. The decline occurs alongside a decrease in testing and sequencing for SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, the process of tracking viruses becomes increasingly complex, thereby providing a selective advantage for SARS-CoV-2 and allowing it to evolve stealthily. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of viral evolution and vaccine development. We also discuss ways to overcome viral variability and test universal vaccines for all SARS-CoV-2 variants.
一种与严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒（SARS-CoV）密切相关、正式名称为新型严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）的病毒出现后，引发了疫苗研发的大幅激增，并在全球新冠肺炎大流行期间达到顶峰。目前，全球有数十种预防SARS-CoV-2的疫苗正在使用。然而，其中只有10种疫苗获得了世界卫生组织（WHO）的授权。这些疫苗包括基于信使核糖核酸（mRNA）的疫苗、病毒载体疫苗、亚单位疫苗和全病毒灭活疫苗。在当前大流行接近尾声时，全球普通人群以及感染该病毒后最易患重病人群的疫苗接种率均有所下降。这表明疫苗的有效性可能正在减弱。这种下降与SARS-CoV-2检测和测序的减少同时出现。此外，追踪病毒的过程变得越来越复杂，从而为SARS-CoV-2提供了选择性优势，并使其得以悄然进化。在本综述中，我们全面概述了病毒进化和疫苗研发情况。我们还讨论了克服病毒变异性以及测试针对所有SARS-CoV-2变体的通用疫苗的方法。
