Zaffar Sehrish, Sadiqa Ayesha
Sehrish Zaffar, MBBS, MPhil, CHPE, FCPS-Pharmacology, Associate Professor, Pharmacology Department Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore - Pakistan.
Ayesha Sadiqa, BDS, M.Phil. Physiology, CHPE, Ph.D. Physiology, MCPS-HPE (cont.) Associate Professor of Physiology at Physiology Department, CMH Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry, Abdur Rahman Road, Lahore Cantt, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
Pak J Med Sci. 2025 Jul;41(7):2101-2109. doi: 10.12669/pjms.41.7.12194.
To systematically review the literature on the epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance, and control strategies for typhoid fever, focusing on Southeast Asia, where the disease burden and emergence of drug-resistant strains are significant.
A systematic review was used, and twenty-five manuscripts fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included. Only human studies affected by typhoid fever were included, including systematic reviews, narrative reviews, meta-analyses, cross-sectional studies, original studies, editorials, or Commentary. Manuscripts were searched and reviewed according to PRISMA guidelines. From 2006 to 2024, six reliable sources, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Embase, were evaluated.
Typhoid fever remains a significant global health burden, particularly in regions with poor sanitation. In 2019, there were about 9.2 million cases and 110,000 deaths, with the highest rates in the Eastern Mediterranean, Africa, and Southeast Asia. Treatment options exist, and the emergence of drug-resistant strains, including those resistant to first-line antibiotics like azithromycin, poses a serious threat. The misuse of antibiotics primarily causes this resistance. Effective control strategies require improved sanitation and hygiene, widespread vaccination, prudent antibiotic use and stewardship programs, enhanced surveillance, and drug resistance monitoring.
Typhoid, caused by Salmonella typhi, remains a health threat in Southeast Asia due to poor sanitation and limited access to clean water. Addressing this requires improved sanitation, vaccination, careful antibiotic use, and intense surveillance to combat antibiotic-resistant strains.
系统回顾关于伤寒热的流行病学、抗菌药物耐药性及控制策略的文献，重点关注东南亚地区，该地区疾病负担重且耐药菌株不断出现。
采用系统回顾方法，纳入了25篇符合纳入标准的手稿。仅纳入受伤寒热影响的人体研究，包括系统评价、叙述性综述、荟萃分析、横断面研究、原始研究、社论或评论。根据PRISMA指南对手稿进行检索和综述。对2006年至2024年期间包括PubMed、科学网、Scopus、考克兰图书馆、谷歌学术和Embase在内的六个可靠来源进行了评估。
伤寒热仍然是一项重大的全球健康负担，尤其是在卫生条件差的地区。2019年，约有920万例病例和11万例死亡，东地中海、非洲和东南亚地区发病率最高。有治疗选择，包括对阿奇霉素等一线抗生素耐药的菌株的出现构成了严重威胁。抗生素的滥用是导致这种耐药性的主要原因。有效的控制策略需要改善环境卫生和个人卫生、广泛接种疫苗、谨慎使用抗生素及开展管理项目、加强监测和耐药性监测。
由伤寒杆菌引起的伤寒热，由于卫生条件差和获得清洁水的机会有限，在东南亚地区仍然是一种健康威胁。解决这一问题需要改善环境卫生、接种疫苗、谨慎使用抗生素以及加强监测以对抗耐药菌株。
