Nazir Junaid, Manzoor Tasaduq, Saleem Afnan, Gani Ubaid, Bhat Sahar Saleem, Khan Shabir, Haq Zulfqarul, Jha Priyanka, Ahmad Syed Mudasir
Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, SKUAST Kashmir, Shuhama, J&K, 190006, India.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India.
BMC Infect Dis. 2025 Jan 20;25(1):84. doi: 10.1186/s12879-025-10478-5.
Salmonella infections represent a major global public health concern due to their widespread zoonotic transmission, antimicrobial resistance, and associated morbidity and mortality. This review aimed to summarize the zoonotic nature of Salmonella, the challenges posed by antimicrobial resistance, the global burden of infections, and the need for effective vaccination strategies to mitigate the rising threat of Salmonella.
A systematic review of literature was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Relevant studies published in English were identified using keywords including Salmonella, vaccination, antimicrobial resistance, and public health. Articles focusing on epidemiology, vaccine development, and strategies to control Salmonella infections were included, while conference abstracts and non-peer-reviewed studies were excluded.
Salmonella infections result in approximately 95 million global cases annually, with an estimated 150,000 deaths. Regional variations were evident, with higher infection rates in low- and middle-income countries due to poor sanitation and food safety standards. Salmonella Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium were the most prevalent serovars associated with human infections. The review highlighted an alarming rise in multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella strains, particularly due to the overuse of antibiotics in humans and livestock. Despite progress in vaccine development, challenges remain in achieving a universal vaccine that targets diverse Salmonella serovars. Live-attenuated, killed, recombinant, subunit, and conjugate vaccines are currently under development, but limitations such as efficacy, cost, and accessibility persist.
Salmonella infections continue to impose a significant burden on global health, exacerbated by rising antimicrobial resistance. There is an urgent need for a multifaceted approach, including improved sanitation, prudent antibiotic use, and the development of affordable, broad-spectrum vaccines. Strengthening surveillance systems and promoting collaborative global efforts are essential to effectively control and reduce the burden of Salmonella.
沙门氏菌感染因其广泛的人畜共患病传播、抗菌药物耐药性以及相关的发病率和死亡率，成为全球主要的公共卫生问题。本综述旨在总结沙门氏菌的人畜共患病性质、抗菌药物耐药性带来的挑战、全球感染负担以及制定有效疫苗策略以减轻沙门氏菌不断上升威胁的必要性。
使用PubMed、Scopus、Web of Science和谷歌学术等数据库对文献进行系统综述。通过使用包括沙门氏菌、疫苗接种、抗菌药物耐药性和公共卫生等关键词，确定以英文发表的相关研究。纳入关注沙门氏菌感染流行病学、疫苗开发和控制策略的文章，排除会议摘要和非同行评审研究。
沙门氏菌感染每年在全球导致约9500万例病例，估计有15万人死亡。区域差异明显，由于卫生条件和食品安全标准较差，低收入和中等收入国家的感染率较高。肠炎沙门氏菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌是与人类感染相关最常见的血清型。该综述强调了多重耐药（MDR）沙门氏菌菌株惊人的上升趋势，特别是由于人类和牲畜中抗生素的过度使用。尽管疫苗开发取得了进展，但要实现针对多种沙门氏菌血清型的通用疫苗仍面临挑战。目前正在研发减毒活疫苗、灭活疫苗、重组疫苗、亚单位疫苗和结合疫苗，但在疗效、成本和可及性等方面仍存在局限性。
沙门氏菌感染继续给全球健康带来重大负担，抗菌药物耐药性的上升加剧了这一负担。迫切需要采取多方面的方法，包括改善卫生条件、谨慎使用抗生素以及开发负担得起的广谱疫苗。加强监测系统和促进全球协作努力对于有效控制和减轻沙门氏菌负担至关重要。
