Cross-tolerance evolution is driven by selection on heat tolerance in .

The evolution of heat tolerance is crucial for the adaptive response to global warming. However, it depends on the genetic variation present in populations and the intensity of thermal stress in nature. Experimental selection studies have provided valuable insights into the evolution of heat tolerance. However, the impact of the heat stress intensity on the correlated changes in resistance traits under selection of heat tolerance has not yet been explored. In this study, the correlated response of increasing knockdown temperature in was evaluated on the knockdown time at different stressful temperatures, the thermal death time (TDT) curves, and the desiccation and starvation resistance. Selection for increased heat tolerance was conducted using different ramping temperatures to compare the effect of heat intensity selection on resistance traits. An evolutionary increase of high temperature tolerance also confers the ability to tolerate other stresses such as desiccation and starvation. However, the extent to which these correlated responses depend on the intensity of thermal selection and sex may limit our ability to generalize these results to natural scenarios. Importantly, this study confirms the value of the experimental evolutionary approach in exploring and understanding the adaptive responses to global warming.