Bross I D
Biometrics. 1985 Sep;41(3):785-93.
On the basis of simple, generally accepted biostatistical and public health principles, it is shown that for environmental health hazards a proof of safety is much more difficult than a proof of hazard. The effective sample sizes required for proof of safety are orders of magnitude greater than what is feasible in biostatistical-epidemiological studies. Although many assurances of safety "in the name of science" have been issued by government agencies and others, few if any of these assurances are statistically valid.
基于简单且普遍认可的生物统计学和公共卫生原则，研究表明，对于环境卫生危害而言，证明安全性比证明危害性要困难得多。证明安全性所需的有效样本量比生物统计学流行病学研究中可行的样本量要大几个数量级。尽管政府机构和其他方面已“以科学之名”发布了许多关于安全性的保证，但这些保证中几乎没有任何一个在统计学上是有效的。
