Akinyemi Muiz O, Kleyn Mariska S, Abdelmaksoud Mona, Van Wyk Deidré A B, Adeleke Rasheed A, Ezekiel Chibundu N
Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9NL, UK.
Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2025 Aug 1;41(8):292. doi: 10.1007/s11274-025-04507-3.
This study investigates the microbial dynamics, mycotoxin reduction, and biotechnological potentials of bacteria and yeasts in raw goat milk from Nigeria’s ranched and nomadic farming systems. The 16S/26S rRNA gene sequencing identified a rich microbial diversity in goat milk, dominated by bacterial phyla: Firmicutes (also known as Bacillota) (86.5%), Proteobacteria (also known as Pseudomonadota) (13.2%), Actinobacteriota (0.3%), and yeast phylotypes: Ascomycota (55%) and Basidiomycota (44%). Overall, the abundance of the bacteria , , , -, and sensu stricto 1, and the yeasts , , , , and accounted for at least 90% of the total genera detected. Significant differences ( < 0.05) in microbial compositions were observed between ranched and nomadic goats, with the latter showing higher richness (Chao1: 59.9 vs. 41.6) and higher abundances of key genera including potential pathogenic groups such as ,,,,,, and . Functional assays highlighted probiotic traits in lactic acid bacteria, e.g., and , and biotechnological abilities in . Mycotoxin analysis revealed frequent contamination in critically low levels (<500 ng/L), including aflatoxin M (96.2% of samples) and citrinin (61.5%), with nomadic milk exhibiting slightly higher mycotoxin levels than milk from ranched goats. Moderate correlations (0.25 < r < 0.49) were found between certain bacterial and yeast genera, such as and , and concentrations of mycotoxins like aflatoxin B and M, suggesting a potential role for these microbes as mycotoxin decontaminators. Our results indicate that while nomadic practices enhance microbial diversity, they also pose safety risks due to increased pathogen and mycotoxin prevalences. These findings underscore the need for improved farm management to balance microbial benefits (e.g., probiotics, mycotoxin mitigation) with public health risks. This study provides actionable insights for developing safe fermented dairy products and policies to enhance food security in sub-Saharan Africa.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11274-025-04507-3.
本研究调查了尼日利亚牧场养殖和游牧养殖系统中产的生山羊奶中细菌和酵母的微生物动态、霉菌毒素减少情况及生物技术潜力。16S/26S rRNA基因测序确定山羊奶中存在丰富的微生物多样性，主要细菌门为：厚壁菌门（也称为芽孢杆菌门）（86.5%）、变形菌门（也称为假单胞菌门）（13.2%）、放线菌门（0.3%），酵母类型为：子囊菌门（55%）和担子菌门（44%）。总体而言，细菌、、、-和严格意义上的1，以及酵母、、、和的丰度占检测到的总属的至少90%。在牧场养殖和游牧养殖的山羊之间观察到微生物组成存在显著差异（<0.05），后者显示出更高的丰富度（Chao1指数：59.9对41.6）以及包括潜在致病菌群如、、、、、和在内的关键属的丰度更高。功能分析突出了乳酸菌的益生菌特性，例如和，以及的生物技术能力。霉菌毒素分析显示存在极低水平（<500 ng/L）的频繁污染，包括黄曲霉毒素M（96.2%的样本）和桔霉素（61.5%），游牧养殖的羊奶中霉菌毒素水平略高于牧场养殖山羊产的奶。在某些细菌和酵母属之间发现了中等程度的相关性（0.25 < r < 0.49），如和，以及黄曲霉毒素B和M等霉菌毒素的浓度，这表明这些微生物可能具有作为霉菌毒素去污剂的作用。我们的结果表明，虽然游牧养殖方式增加了微生物多样性，但由于病原体和霉菌毒素流行率的增加也带来了安全风险。这些发现强调需要改进农场管理，以平衡微生物益处（如益生菌、霉菌毒素减轻）与公共卫生风险。本研究为开发安全的发酵乳制品以及制定增强撒哈拉以南非洲食品安全的政策提供了可操作的见解。
在线版本包含可在10.1007/s11274-025-04507-3获取的补充材料。
