MicroRNA biosensors for cardiovascular disease detection.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain one of the highest causes of death around the world. Early identification and quick intervention are vital for improving patient outcomes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNA molecules, have emerged as significant biomarkers for CVDs due to their involvement in various cellular activities, including cardiac hypertrophy, angiogenesis, and inflammation. Electrochemical biosensors offer a rapid, highly target-specific, cost-effective solution for detecting miRNA biomarkers in biological fluids. By utilizing nanomaterials and biorecognition elements, these sensors enable real-time observation of CVD progression and the patient's response to treatment. This review investigates the potential applications of miRNA-based electrochemical biosensors for the prompt detection of CVDs. It magnifies the significance of miRNAs in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disorders, such as myocardial infarction, heart failure, and atherosclerosis. Moreover, we emphasize the latest innovations in electrochemical biosensors to identify miRNA biomarkers in blood, serum, and various biological samples. Drawing upon recent developments and our experience in molecular diagnostics and biosensor applications, this review highlights the integration of nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors for detecting microRNAs associated with cardiovascular conditions. The literature reviewed in this article was gathered from databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using keywords such as "microRNA," "cardiovascular disease," and "electrochemical biosensors."