Lode H
Clin Ther. 1985;7 Suppl A:1-18.
Infectious pneumonias are inflammations of the lung that can be localized in the alveoli or interstitial tissue or both. The pathogenic agent is usually airborne; more rarely it is hematogenous. Important distinctions are between bacterial and nonbacterial forms, between diseases acquired outside and inside hospitals, and between patients who are basically healthy and those with a previous illness. Pneumococci continue to be the dominant pathogens outside hospitals. In hospitals, gram-negative, anaerobic, and fungal pathogens are more often found. Usually, purulent chronic bronchitis or an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis is based on a prior viral infection or an impairment of bacterial clearance mechanisms of the respiratory tract. The dominant pathogens are Haemophilus influenzae and pneumococci. Worldwide, viral infections of the upper respiratory tract have great epidemiological significance. With 12 different groups of viruses and more than 150 serotypes, there can be many causes of symptoms of rhinitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, and tracheitis as well as bronchitis.
感染性肺炎是肺部的炎症，可局限于肺泡或间质组织，或两者皆有。病原体通常通过空气传播；较少见的是通过血行传播。重要的区别在于细菌性和非细菌性形式、医院外获得的疾病和医院内获得的疾病，以及基本健康的患者和先前有疾病的患者之间。肺炎球菌仍然是医院外的主要病原体。在医院里，革兰氏阴性菌、厌氧菌和真菌病原体更常被发现。通常，化脓性慢性支气管炎或慢性支气管炎急性加重是基于先前的病毒感染或呼吸道细菌清除机制受损。主要病原体是流感嗜血杆菌和肺炎球菌。在全球范围内，上呼吸道病毒感染具有重大的流行病学意义。有12组不同的病毒和150多种血清型，鼻炎、扁桃体炎、咽炎、喉炎、气管炎以及支气管炎的症状可能有多种病因。
