Leading with courage and integrity in the National Science Challenges.

National Science Challenges (NSCs) were a decade-long science policy experiment for Aotearoa New Zealand. The leadership skills required to uphold the mission-led intent, build trust with stakeholders, support transdisciplinary research and invest in Māori knowledge have not previously been explored. We identify 15 elements of leadership common to NSCs, with a focus on New Zealand's Biological Heritage (BioHeritage). We draw parallels with global efforts to modernise contemporary science policy instruments to derive value from public investment in research, science and innovation and to value Indigenous knowledge as a critical contributor to addressing complex environmental crises. We conclude with 10 recommendations for the future of the Research, Science & Innovation (RS&I) sector in Aotearoa. Implementing the recommendations would ensure that leadership capability and capacity built by NSCs endures for the benefit of future generations of researchers, Indigenous knowledge holders, society and the environment.