Linking carbon footprint methodologies and environmental protection via sustainable product development with a moderating role of regulatory compliance.

China, at the forefront of carbon emissions and manufacturing, grapples with substantial challenges in harmonizing economic progress and environmental protection (EP). This study delves into the intricate interplay between carbon footprint methodologies (CFM), sustainable product development (SPD), EP, and the moderating role of regulatory compliance. To fulfill its objectives, the research meticulously analyzes data collected from a sample of 429 employees within the manufacturing sector, employing SmartPLS version 4.1. The results reveal a noteworthy impact of CFM on both SPD and EP. Additionally, SPD demonstrates a positive effect on EP. Furthermore, the study uncovers SPD as a significant mediator in the association between CFM and EP. Finally, regulatory compliance moderates CFM-EP correlation. These findings underscore the critical interconnectedness of CFM, SPD, and regulatory compliance in fostering a more environmentally conscious manufacturing sector in China, offering valuable insights for academia, businesses, and policymakers.