Torres-Rodríguez Carolina, González García Jennifer, Álvarez-Lloret Pedro, Delgado-Mejía Edgar
Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Health Department, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Distrito Capital, Colombia.
Prostodontics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Distrito Capital, Colombia.
J Appl Biomater Funct Mater. 2025 Jan-Dec;23:22808000251356939. doi: 10.1177/22808000251356939. Epub 2025 Aug 5.
Alternative calcium phosphates are strong candidates as tooth-whitening to mitigate the adverse effects of hydrogen peroxide (HP). This study examines changes in the color and chemical structure of human enamel induced by a biomimetic calcium phosphate-based bleaching ceramic derived from chicken eggshell, known as the experimental remineralizing Substance (ERS). Forty human molars were assigned to four groups: G1: storage group; G2: treated with 35% HP; G3: treated with ERSs; and G4: treated with HP followed by ers. CIE color coordinates (*, *, *) were recorded before and after treatment using a dental spectrophotometer to calculate color differences (Δ, Δ) and the whiteness index which were later compared with previously established perceptibility (PT) and acceptability (AT) thresholds. After each treatment, enamel surface powders from each specimen were analyzed using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Statistical analyses included one-way ANOVA and simple linear regression for color measurements, as well as one-way ANOVA, Shapiro-Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis, and Holm-Bonferroni tests for chemical composition. The results indicated a significant decrease in * ( = 0.01) and * ( = 0.03) values in G3. The highest mean values of and Δ ( ⩽ 0.05) exceeded PT and AT indicating good effectiveness. ATR-FTIR analysis revealed that certain phosphate bands in G3 remained unchanged compared to G1 and G2. Additionally, carbonate substitution at the A and B-positions was reduced, and the degree of mineralization increased compared to G2. XRD patterns showed diffraction peaks linked to hydroxyapatite crystals in all experimental groups. All treatments reduced crystallite size, and this effect was not reversed in G3. Thus, this study demonstrates that ERS achieved a superior whitening effect compared to HP, without altering the chemical composition or crystalline structure of human enamel. These findings suggest the potential of using ERS as a safer alternative to conventional peroxide-based whitening agents.
替代磷酸钙是作为牙齿美白剂以减轻过氧化氢（HP）不良反应的有力候选物。本研究考察了一种源自鸡蛋壳的仿生磷酸钙基漂白陶瓷（称为实验性再矿化物质，ERS）对人牙釉质颜色和化学结构的影响。将40颗人磨牙分为四组：G1：储存组；G2：用35% HP处理；G3：用ERS处理；G4：先用HP处理，再用ERS处理。使用牙科分光光度计在处理前后记录CIE颜色坐标（，，），以计算颜色差异（Δ，Δ）和白度指数，随后将其与先前确定的可察觉性（PT）和可接受性（AT）阈值进行比较。每次处理后，使用衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱（ATR-FTIR）和X射线衍射（XRD）分析每个样本的牙釉质表面粉末。统计分析包括用于颜色测量的单向方差分析和简单线性回归，以及用于化学成分的单向方差分析、夏皮罗-威尔克检验、克鲁斯卡尔-沃利斯检验和霍尔姆-邦费罗尼检验。结果表明，G3组的（P = 0.01）和*（P = 0.03）值显著降低。 和Δ的最高平均值（P ⩽ 0.05）超过了PT和AT，表明效果良好。ATR-FTIR分析显示，与G1和G2组相比，G3组的某些磷酸盐谱带保持不变。此外，与G2组相比，A和B位的碳酸盐取代减少，矿化程度增加。XRD图谱显示所有实验组均有与羟基磷灰石晶体相关的衍射峰。所有处理均减小了微晶尺寸，且G3组中这种效应未逆转。因此，本研究表明，与HP相比，ERS实现了更好的美白效果，且未改变人牙釉质的化学成分或晶体结构。这些发现表明，使用ERS作为传统过氧化物基美白剂的更安全替代品具有潜力。
