Inflammation is a pivotal pathogenic factor in numerous diseases. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has garnered significant attention due to its rich bioactive compounds with demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Nevertheless, clinical translation of TCM is often limited by poor pharmacokinetic properties, including low solubility, rapid clearance, and inadequate biomembrane permeability. Nanocarrier-based delivery systems have emerged as a promising strategy to overcome these limitations and enhance therapeutic outcomes. This review systematically summarizes: (1) the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of key TCM-derived compounds (resveratrol, quercetin, curcumin, honokiol, bergenin, ginsenosides, and berberine); (2) the classification and functional advantages of contemporary nanocarriers; and (3) recent advances in nanoengineered co-delivery systems for TCM active ingredients against inflammation-associated pathologies. Furthermore, we critically analyze persisting challenges and propose future directions to optimize nano-TCM platforms, offering new perspectives for targeted therapy of inflammatory diseases.