Bacillus spore germination: Interpretation of the spore germination mechanism and innovation of the inactivation strategies.

Bacillus is a ubiquitous genus renowned for its ability to form highly resilient spores, posing significant challenges to the food industry. As society progresses, the demand for high-quality food continues to rise. While reducing excessive processing helps maintain nutritional value and quality which fits the demands from consumers, it increases the risk of spore contamination. Germination-inactivation strategies offer a promising solution by converting spores into vegetative cells, which can be eliminated through milder treatments, thus preserving food quality while ensuring food safety. However, the limited efficiency of current methods to induce germination, particularly due to the emergence of super-dormant spores, hinders their widespread application. Optimizing spore germination is critical for the successful implementation of the germination-inactivation strategies. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms underlying Bacillus spore germination, focusing on the latest advances in signal transduction and macromolecular biosynthesis. Additionally, we systematically summarize the characteristics of super-dormant spores and their potential causes. Current methods for enhancing spore germination efficiency are thoroughly reviewed, and their limitations are discussed in detail. Based on these insights, innovative solutions are proposed to address the existing challenges. Recent research has unveiled the signal transduction mechanisms involved in spore germination, emphasizing the critical role of ion release. Moreover, transcription and translation likely govern dipicolinic acid release and cortex hydrolysis, respectively, with spores being able to rapidly initiate transcription through pre-located RNA polymerase. Interestingly, the emergence of super-dormant spores is influenced by both permanent and transient factors. To improve spore germination efficiency, promising solutions include innovative screening of germinants, optimization of the key factors of thermal activation and pressure-induced germination, and utilization of key substances during germination process.