Leshen Michael, C Matthew Hawkins, Shah Jay, Bertino Frederic, Woods Gary, White Michael, Zimowski Karen, Townsend Natalia, Gill Anne
Emory University School of Medicine, 2220 N Druid Hills Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, Georgia.
Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.
Pediatr Radiol. 2025 Aug 9. doi: 10.1007/s00247-025-06328-w.
BACKGROUND: Reports of child and young adult superior vena cava (SVC) stent placement, safety, and long-term patency are limited, particularly in children without congenital heart defects (CHDs). OBJECTIVE: To characterize technical success, safety, and long-term outcomes of SVC stent placement in children and young adults without co-existing congenital heart defects. Additionally, to demonstrate the ability of SVC stent placement to maintain central venous access in patients with difficult access. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved retrospective review of children and young adults without CHDs who underwent SVC stent placement between 2014 and 2024 was performed. SVC stenosis/occlusion was determined by pre-procedure imaging (chest computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)), and confirmed with venography and intravascular ultrasound. Symptomatic patients were defined as patients with facial or neck swelling, bulging neck or chest wall collaterals, and dependence on central venous access with narrowed or occluded central venous pathways. RESULTS: Nineteen patients (n = 11 F, n = 8 M) without CHDs had SVC stents placed. All had SVC stenosis or occlusion secondary to chronic central venous access. Mean age was 16.5 years (3 - 20 years, interquartile range 7.375 years) and mean weight was 50 kg (15.8 - 115.2 kg, interquartile range 32.6 kg). Ten percent (2/19) presented with acute SVC syndrome. In total, 21% (4/19) required sharp recanalization. Twenty-four total stents were placed; 21 (88%) were bare metal and three were covered. One major complication of SVC tearing occurred during sharp recanalization, which led to hemopericardium/cardiac tamponade. This complication was successfully treated with a pericardial drain and deployment of a second stent across the vessel injury. Median patient follow-up time was 15 months (0.5-88 months, interquartile range 53 months). Seventy-four percent (15/19) had imaging follow-up (chest CT or venography) to assess stent patency, with a mean imaging follow-up of 11 months (3 days-86 months, interquartile range 11 months). Three patients required re-intervention(s): two required venoplasty to allow for catheter exchange, and one required venoplasty for recurrent facial and upper extremity swelling. The mean time to re-intervention was 16 months (2-28). There were no complications during repeat interventions. All patients maintained central venous access for the duration of required treatment or throughout the entire study period. CONCLUSION: SVC stent placement in children and young adults without CHDs has a favorable safety profile and is an effective solution for preserving critical central venous access for necessary therapy in chronically ill children.
背景:关于儿童和青年成人上腔静脉(SVC)支架置入、安全性及长期通畅性的报道有限,尤其是在无先天性心脏病(CHD)的儿童中。 目的:描述无合并先天性心脏病的儿童和青年成人SVC支架置入的技术成功率、安全性及长期结局。此外,证明SVC支架置入在血管通路困难的患者中维持中心静脉通路的能力。 材料与方法:对2014年至2024年间接受SVC支架置入的无CHD的儿童和青年成人进行机构审查委员会(IRB)批准的回顾性研究。SVC狭窄/闭塞通过术前影像学检查(胸部计算机断层扫描(CT)或磁共振成像(MRI))确定,并通过静脉造影和血管内超声证实。有症状的患者定义为有面部或颈部肿胀、颈部或胸壁静脉曲张,以及因中心静脉通路狭窄或闭塞而依赖中心静脉通路的患者。 结果:19例无CHD的患者(11例女性,8例男性)置入了SVC支架。所有患者均因慢性中心静脉通路导致SVC狭窄或闭塞。平均年龄为16.5岁(3 - 20岁,四分位间距7.375岁),平均体重为50kg(15.8 - 115.2kg,四分位间距32.6kg)。10%(2/19)的患者出现急性SVC综合征。总共,21%(4/19)的患者需要锐性再通。共置入24枚支架;21枚(88%)为裸金属支架,3枚为覆膜支架。在锐性再通过程中发生了1例SVC撕裂的主要并发症,导致心包积血/心脏压塞。该并发症通过心包引流和在血管损伤处置入第二枚支架成功治疗。患者的中位随访时间为15个月(0.5 - 88个月,四分位间距53个月)。74%(15/19)的患者进行了影像学随访(胸部CT或静脉造影)以评估支架通畅性,平均影像学随访时间为11个月(3天 - 86个月,四分位间距11个月)。3例患者需要再次干预:2例需要进行静脉成形术以允许更换导管,1例需要进行静脉成形术以治疗复发性面部和上肢肿胀。再次干预的平均时间为16个月(2 - 28个月)。重复干预期间无并发症发生。所有患者在所需治疗期间或整个研究期间均维持了中心静脉通路。 结论:在无CHD的儿童和青年成人中进行SVC支架置入具有良好的安全性,是为慢性病患儿保留必要治疗所需的关键中心静脉通路的有效解决方案。
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