Regionalization of gene expression and cell types in the silk gland of the pantry moth .

Lepidopteran silk glands include a posterior silk gland (PSG) that secretes core fibers and a middle silk gland (MSG) that secretes adhesive sericins. While well-studied in the silkworm (), little is known about the gene expression profiles underlying the diversity of lepidopteran silks. Here we characterized the silk gland from the pantry moth using a combination of quantitative and spatial assays. RNA-seq analyses of differential gene expression between the MSG and PSG depict the transcriptomic divergence between these two secretory tissues. In the PSG, high expression of fibroin genes and were detected, whereas MSG samples were dominated by transcripts encoding major sericins- bioadhesive proteins that form the coating of the silk fiber. Hybridization Chain Reaction (HCR) mRNA profiling revealed sharp cellular boundaries within the silk gland: PSG cells exclusively expressed fibroins, while MSG comprised two compartments each expressing different combinations of sericins. Our findings corroborate the conserved organization of lepidopteran silk glands into specialized secretory subdivisions, and establish as a promising comparative model for studying silk diversity. This work provides a foundation for future research into the cellular and evolutionary basis of silk production across Lepidoptera.