Alhalwani Amani Y, Jambi Shatha, Alalgum Husain, Zarif Hawazen, Alshareef Sarah, Babgi Abrar, Alsiary Rawiah, Alamri Faisal F, Gusti Nizar, Alaidarous Salwa
College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Biomedical Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Front Med (Lausanne). 2025 Jul 28;12:1569690. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1569690. eCollection 2025.
Lactoferrin (LF) is a primarily protein derived from the degranulation of neutrophils in plasma, and has been identified as a potential biomarker for dry eye disease (DED) and type 2 diabetes patients (T2D). This study aims to investigate the correlation between plasma lactoferrin and other inflammatory biomarkers, such as lactoferrin to neutrophil ratio (LFNR) and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C), in type 2 diabetic patients with dry eye disease (T2D-DED).
This study was conducted at the Diabetes Center outpatient clinics at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The study included two groups: 26 healthy individuals and 41 T2D-DED patients. The plasma samples were collected and analyzed in the hospital for laboratory routine tests for neutrophil, lymphocyte, C-reactive protein (CRP), glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C), and albumin (ALB), and data were collected retrospectively from hospital medical records. The same plasma samples were tested for LF using an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The plasma lactoferrin to neutrophil ratio (LFNR) and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were calculated. All statistical analyses were performed using PRISM software, with a -value < 0.05 were considered significant.
LF concentrations were found to be 1.10 ± 1.0 μgmL in T2D-DED patients and 0.5 ± 0.4 μgmL in healthy individuals. Inflammatory biomarkers, LF, CRP, HbA1C, and LFNR, showed elevated levels in patients with T2D-DED, with statistically significant differences groups compared to healthy individuals. Additionally, there was a significant positive correlation in T2D-DED patients between LF with LFNR in T2D-DED patients ( = 0.0001) and HbA1C with LF ( = 0.035).
The study indicated that LF levels and other inflammatory biomarkers are elevated in patients with T2D-DED. There are significant positive correlations between LF and HbA1C, as well as LF and LFNR in T2D-DED patients, which differ from the correlations found in healthy individuals. This suggests that the diagnostic and prognostic relevance of these biomarkers depends on whether the disease is present.
乳铁蛋白（LF）是一种主要来源于血浆中嗜中性粒细胞脱颗粒的蛋白质，已被确定为干眼症（DED）和2型糖尿病患者（T2D）的潜在生物标志物。本研究旨在调查2型糖尿病合并干眼症患者（T2D-DED）血浆乳铁蛋白与其他炎症生物标志物之间的相关性，如乳铁蛋白与中性粒细胞比值（LFNR）和糖化血红蛋白A1c（HbA1C）。
本研究在沙特阿拉伯吉达阿卜杜勒阿齐兹国王医疗城的糖尿病中心门诊进行。该研究包括两组：26名健康个体和41名T2D-DED患者。采集血浆样本并在医院进行实验室常规检测，检测项目包括中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、C反应蛋白（CRP）、糖化血红蛋白A1c（HbA1C）和白蛋白（ALB），并从医院病历中回顾性收集数据。使用内部酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）对相同的血浆样本进行LF检测。计算血浆乳铁蛋白与中性粒细胞比值（LFNR）和中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值（NLR）。所有统计分析均使用PRISM软件进行，P值<0.05被认为具有统计学意义。
发现T2D-DED患者的LF浓度为1.10±1.0μg/mL，健康个体为0.5±0.4μg/mL。炎症生物标志物LF、CRP、HbA1C和LFNR在T2D-DED患者中水平升高，与健康个体相比，两组间差异具有统计学意义。此外，T2D-DED患者中LF与LFNR之间存在显著正相关（P = 0.0001），HbA1C与LF之间也存在显著正相关（P = 0.035）。
该研究表明，T2D-DED患者的LF水平和其他炎症生物标志物升高。T2D-DED患者中LF与HbA1C以及LF与LFNR之间存在显著正相关，这与健康个体中的相关性不同。这表明这些生物标志物的诊断和预后相关性取决于疾病是否存在。
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