Lommen Miriam J J, Näther Marcel, Keller Anita C
Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Department Trauma Center, GGZ Drenthe Mental Health Institute, Beilen, The Netherlands.
Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2025 Dec;16(1):2535898. doi: 10.1080/20008066.2025.2535898. Epub 2025 Aug 12.
Firefighters are considered to be high-risk professionals due to their frequent exposure to traumatic events. Although most firefighters will demonstrate resilience after trauma exposure, others develop symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or depressive symptoms. Insight in psychological predictors of these differential trajectories might inform the development of prevention programmes. To test the predictive validity of risk and protective factors for longitudinal trends of PTSD and depressive symptoms in firefighters using growth mixture modeling. A total of 529 firefighters were followed for 3 years. Risk and protective factors (experiential avoidance, repetitive negative thinking (RNT), meaning in life, resilience and social support) as well as symptoms of PTSD and depression were assessed via self-report at the baseline assessment. PTSD and depressive symptoms were re-assessed over the following 3 years, with intervals of 6-12 months. Mixture growth models assigned individuals to latent classes for PTSD and depression symptoms separately. A 3-step approach was used to predict class membership by the included risk and protective factors. Both for PTSD and depressive symptoms growth models, the 2-class solution showed the best fit. Experiential avoidance predicted both PTSD and depressive class membership, while RNT predicted only depressive class membership. Although the vast majority showed a generally stable low level of symptomatology, increased scores on experiential avoidance and RNT were associated with less favorable trajectories. Targeting these risk factors in prevention programmes might prevent development of posttrauma symptomatology and increase psychological resilience in firefighters and other high-risk professionals.
由于消防员经常接触创伤性事件，他们被视为高风险职业。尽管大多数消防员在接触创伤后会表现出恢复力，但其他人会出现创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）症状或抑郁症状。了解这些不同轨迹的心理预测因素可能有助于制定预防方案。使用增长混合模型来检验消防员中PTSD和抑郁症状纵向趋势的风险和保护因素的预测效度。共有529名消防员被跟踪了3年。在基线评估时通过自我报告评估风险和保护因素（经验性回避、重复性消极思维（RNT）、生活意义、恢复力和社会支持）以及PTSD和抑郁症状。在接下来的3年里，每隔6至12个月对PTSD和抑郁症状进行重新评估。混合增长模型将个体分别分配到PTSD和抑郁症状的潜在类别中。采用三步法通过纳入的风险和保护因素预测类别归属。对于PTSD和抑郁症状增长模型，两类解决方案显示出最佳拟合。经验性回避预测了PTSD和抑郁类别归属，而RNT仅预测了抑郁类别归属。尽管绝大多数人表现出总体上稳定的低症状水平，但经验性回避和RNT得分的增加与不太有利的轨迹相关。在预防方案中针对这些风险因素可能会预防创伤后症状的发展，并提高消防员和其他高风险职业人员的心理恢复力。
