Sima Oana-Claudia, Valea Ana, Ionovici Nina, Costachescu Mihai, Florescu Alexandru-Florin, Ciobica Mihai-Lucian, Carsote Mara
PhD Doctoral School of "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 010825 Bucharest, Romania.
Department of Endocrinology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Diagnostics (Basel). 2025 Jul 29;15(15):1899. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics15151899.
: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been placed among the risk factors for fragility (osteoporotic) fractures, particularly in menopausal women amid modern clinical practice. : We aimed to analyze the bone status in terms of mineral metabolism assays, blood bone turnover markers (BTM), and bone mineral density (DXA-BMD), respectively, to assess the 10-year fracture probability of major osteoporotic fractures (MOF) and hip fracture (HF) upon using conventional FRAX without/with femoral neck BMD (MOF-FN/HF-FN and MOF+FN/HF+FN) and the novel model (FRAXplus) with adjustments for T2D (MOF+T2D/HF+T2D) and lumbar spine BMD (MOF+LS/HF+LS). : This retrospective, cross-sectional, pilot study, from January 2023 until January 2024, in menopausal women (aged: 50-80 years) with/without T2D (group DM/nonDM). Inclusion criteria (group DM): prior T2D under diet ± oral medication or novel T2D (OGTT diagnostic). Exclusion criteria: previous anti-osteoporotic medication, prediabetes, insulin therapy, non-T2D. : The cohort (N = 136; mean age: 61.36 ± 8.2y) included T2D (22.06%). Groups DM vs. non-DM were age- and years since menopause (YSM)-matched; they had a similar osteoporosis rate (16.67% vs. 23.58%) and fracture prevalence (6.66% vs. 9.43%). In T2D, body mass index (BMI) was higher (31.80 ± 5.31 vs. 26.54 ± 4.87 kg/m; < 0.001), while osteocalcin and CrossLaps were lower (18.09 ± 8.35 vs. 25.62 ± 12.78 ng/mL, = 0.002; 0.39 ± 0.18 vs. 0.48 ± 0.22 ng/mL, = 0.048), as well as 25-hydroxyvitamin D (16.96 ± 6.76 vs. 21.29 ± 9.84, = 0.013). FN-BMD and TH-BMD were increased in T2D ( = 0.007, = 0.002). MOF+LS/HF+LS were statistically significant lower than MOF-FN/HF-FN, respectively, MOF+FN/HF+FN (N = 136). In T2D: MOF+T2D was higher ( < 0.05) than MOF-FN, respectively, MOF+FN [median(IQR) of 3.7(2.5, 5.6) vs. 3.4(2.1, 5.8), respectively, 3.1(2.3, 4.39)], but MOF+LS was lower [2.75(1.9, 3.25)]. HF+T2D was higher ( < 0.05) than HF-FN, respectively, HF+FN [0.8(0.2, 2.4) vs. 0.5(0.2, 1.5), respectively, 0.35(0.13, 0.8)] but HF+LS was lower [0.2(0.1, 0.45)]. : Type 2 diabetic menopausal women when compared to age- and YSM-match controls had a lower 25OHD and BTM (osteocalcin, CrossLaps), increased TH-BMD and FN-BMD (with loss of significance upon BMI adjustment). When applying novel FRAX model, LS-BMD adjustment showed lower MOF and HF as estimated by the conventional FRAX (in either subgroup or entire cohort) or as found by T2D adjustment using FRAXplus (in diabetic subgroup). To date, all four types of 10-year fracture probabilities displayed a strong correlation, but taking into consideration the presence of T2D, statistically significant higher risks than calculated by the traditional FRAX were found, hence, the current model might underestimate the condition-related fracture risk. Addressing the practical aspects of fracture risk assessment in diabetic menopausal women might improve the bone health and further offers a prompt tailored strategy to reduce the fracture risk, thus, reducing the overall disease burden.
2型糖尿病(T2D)已被列为脆性(骨质疏松性)骨折的风险因素之一,尤其是在现代临床实践中的绝经后女性中。我们旨在分别通过矿物质代谢测定、血骨转换标志物(BTM)和骨密度(DXA - BMD)来分析骨状态,以评估使用传统FRAX(不使用/使用股骨颈BMD,即MOF - FN/HF - FN和MOF + FN/HF + FN)以及针对T2D(MOF + T2D/HF + T2D)和腰椎BMD(MOF + LS/HF + LS)进行调整的新型模型(FRAXplus)时,主要骨质疏松性骨折(MOF)和髋部骨折(HF)的10年骨折概率。这项回顾性、横断面的试点研究,从2023年1月至2024年1月,纳入了有/无T2D的绝经后女性(年龄:50 - 80岁)(DM组/非DM组)。纳入标准(DM组):既往饮食控制±口服药物治疗的T2D或新发T2D(OGTT诊断)。排除标准:既往使用抗骨质疏松药物、糖尿病前期、胰岛素治疗、非T2D。该队列(N = 136;平均年龄:61.36 ± 8.2岁)包括T2D患者(22.06%)。DM组与非DM组在年龄和绝经年限(YSM)上匹配;两组骨质疏松率相似(16.67%对23.58%),骨折患病率也相似(6.66%对9.43%)。在T2D患者中,体重指数(BMI)更高(31.80 ± 5.31对26.54 ± 4.87 kg/m²;P < 0.001),而骨钙素和交联C端肽较低(18.09 ± 8.35对25.62 ± 12.78 ng/mL,P = 0.002;0.39 ± 0.18对0.48 ± 0.22 ng/mL,P = 0.048),以及25 - 羟基维生素D水平也较低(16.96 ± 6.76对21.29 ± 9.84,P = 0.013)。T2D患者的股骨颈BMD(FN - BMD)和全髋BMD(TH - BMD)升高(P = 0.007,P = 0.002)。MOF + LS/HF + LS分别显著低于MOF - FN/HF - FN、MOF + FN/HF + FN(N = 136)。在T2D患者中:MOF + T2D分别高于MOF - FN、MOF + FN [中位数(IQR)分别为3.7(2.5,5.6)对3.4(2.1,5.8),3.1(2.3,4.39)],但MOF + LS较低[2.75(1.9,3.25)]。HF + T2D分别高于HF - FN、HF + FN [0.8(0.2,2.4)对0.5(0.2,1.5),0.35(0.13,0.8)],但HF + LS较低[0.2(0.1,0.45)]。与年龄和YSM匹配的对照组相比,2型糖尿病绝经后女性的25OHD和BTM(骨钙素、交联C端肽)较低,TH - BMD和FN - BMD升高(BMI调整后失去显著性)。应用新型FRAX模型时,腰椎BMD调整显示,传统FRAX估计的MOF和HF较低(在亚组或整个队列中),或FRAXplus对T2D调整时(在糖尿病亚组中)发现的较低。迄今为止,所有四种类型的10年骨折概率显示出强相关性,但考虑到T2D的存在,发现风险在统计学上显著高于传统FRAX计算的风险,因此,当前模型可能低估了与疾病相关的骨折风险。解决糖尿病绝经后女性骨折风险评估的实际问题可能会改善骨骼健康,并进一步提供一种及时的个性化策略以降低骨折风险,从而减轻整体疾病负担。
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