Jiao Tianhui, Wang Yakun, Wei Jie, Xu Sikai, Zhou Qiaoyan, Mu Xidong, Yu Lingyun
Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China.
College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
Animals (Basel). 2025 Jul 25;15(15):2196. doi: 10.3390/ani15152196.
Povidone-iodine (PVP-I), a widely used aquaculture disinfectant, remains poorly understood in terms of sublethal toxicity and damage reversibility. This study employed as the model organism to evaluate the acute toxicity and sublethal effects of PVP-I through a 4-day exposure experiment followed by a 7-day depuration period. Acute toxicity tests enabled the determination of 24-96 h median lethal concentrations (LC), with the 96 h LC being 5.67 mg/L and the safe concentration (SC) being 1.37 mg/L. Based on this, three sublethal concentrations (1.14, 1.89, and 2.84 mg/L) were tested over a 4-day exposure followed by a 7-day depuration period. Investigated endpoints included gill ultrastructure, apoptosis, and antioxidant and immune-related gene expression. Subacute exposure at 1.89 and 2.84 mg/L induced mitochondrial vacuolization, upregulated apoptosis-related genes (, , ), and downregulated antioxidant gene expression (, , ). The high-concentration group also showed sustained Toll-like receptor () gene overexpression and acid phosphatase () gene suppression. After depuration, antioxidant gene expression normalized; however, apoptotic markers in gill tissue remained impaired. Overall, high PVP-I concentrations cause irreversible gill damage via mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, whereas lower concentrations (≤1.14 mg/L) allow for greater recovery. These results offer crucial toxicodynamic insights for safer PVP-I use and risk assessment in aquaculture.
聚维酮碘（PVP - I）是一种广泛使用的水产养殖消毒剂，但在亚致死毒性和损伤可逆性方面仍知之甚少。本研究以[具体生物名称未给出]为模式生物，通过为期4天的暴露实验和随后7天的净化期，评估PVP - I的急性毒性和亚致死效应。急性毒性试验确定了24 - 96小时的半数致死浓度（LC），96小时LC为5.67毫克/升，安全浓度（SC）为1.37毫克/升。在此基础上，在为期4天的暴露和随后7天的净化期内测试了三个亚致死浓度（1.14、1.89和2.84毫克/升）。研究的终点包括鳃的超微结构、细胞凋亡以及抗氧化和免疫相关基因的表达。在1.89和2.84毫克/升的亚急性暴露诱导了线粒体空泡化，上调了凋亡相关基因（[具体基因名称未给出]），并下调了抗氧化基因表达（[具体基因名称未给出]）。高浓度组还显示Toll样受体（[具体基因名称未给出]）基因持续过表达和酸性磷酸酶（[具体基因名称未给出]）基因抑制。净化后，抗氧化基因表达恢复正常；然而，鳃组织中的凋亡标志物仍然受损。总体而言，高浓度的PVP - I通过线粒体介导的细胞凋亡导致不可逆的鳃损伤，而较低浓度（≤1.14毫克/升）则具有更大的恢复能力。这些结果为水产养殖中更安全地使用PVP - I和风险评估提供了关键的毒理学见解。
