Khalafi Mousa, Habibi Maleki Aref, Mojtahedi Shima, Ehsanifar Mahsa, Rosenkranz Sara K, Symonds Michael E, Tarashi Mohammad Sadegh, Fatolahi Saeid, Fernandez Maria Luz
Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan 87317-53153, Iran.
Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14496-14535, Iran.
Nutrients. 2025 Jul 22;17(15):2388. doi: 10.3390/nu17152388.
Intermittent fasting (IF) can improve inflammatory status, but its effects may be dependent on the mode of fasting. We performed a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses to investigate the effects of different modes of IF on inflammatory markers in adults. Three database searches were conducted, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, from inception to June 2024. The searches used two keyword groups: "intermittent fasting" and "inflammatory markers". Randomized and non-randomized trials investigating any IF mode on inflammatory markers, including interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin, and adiponectin, were included. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated using random effects models for both analyses. A total of 21 studies (839 participants) were included. Compared with controls, IF reduced TNF-α [SMD: -0.31, = 0.009], CRP [SMD: -0.19, = 0.04], and leptin [SMD: -0.57, = 0.005] but did not significantly affect IL-6 or adiponectin. Among the IF modes, time-restricted feeding (TRF) showed the largest reduction in TNF-α [-0.39, = 0.001]. TRF had the highest probability ranking for changes in IL-6, TNF-α, leptin, and adiponectin; however, the effects on IL-6 and adiponectin were not statistically significant. The 5:2 diet ranked highest for CRP. IF may be an effective dietary therapy for improving some inflammatory markers, with effects potentially influenced by the mode of IF. TRF had the highest rankings across multiple markers, though the findings were not uniformly significant. Additional longer-term trials are needed to fully elucidate the anti-inflammatory potential of IF.
间歇性禁食（IF）可以改善炎症状态，但其效果可能取决于禁食模式。我们进行了一项系统评价，并进行了成对和网络荟萃分析，以研究不同模式的间歇性禁食对成年人炎症标志物的影响。从数据库创建到2024年6月，我们进行了三次数据库检索，包括PubMed、Scopus和Web of Science。检索使用了两个关键词组：“间歇性禁食”和“炎症标志物”。纳入了研究任何间歇性禁食模式对炎症标志物影响的随机和非随机试验，这些炎症标志物包括白细胞介素（IL）-6、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）α、C反应蛋白（CRP）、瘦素和脂联素。两项分析均使用随机效应模型计算标准化均值差（SMD）。总共纳入了21项研究（839名参与者）。与对照组相比，间歇性禁食降低了TNF-α[SMD：-0.31，P = 0.009]、CRP[SMD：-0.19，P = 0.04]和瘦素[SMD：-0.57，P = 0.005]，但对IL-6或脂联素没有显著影响。在间歇性禁食模式中，限时进食（TRF）使TNF-α降低幅度最大[-0.39，P = 0.001]。TRF在IL-6、TNF-α、瘦素和脂联素变化方面的概率排名最高；然而，对IL-6和脂联素的影响没有统计学意义。5:2饮食在CRP方面排名最高。间歇性禁食可能是一种改善某些炎症标志物的有效饮食疗法，其效果可能受间歇性禁食模式的影响。尽管结果并非都具有统计学意义，但TRF在多个标志物方面排名最高。需要更多长期试验来充分阐明间歇性禁食的抗炎潜力。
